Acceptance Tests of more than 10 000 Photomultiplier Tubes for the multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules of the IceCube Upgrade

J. Adams; M. Ahlers; J. Braun; Z. Chen; S. Choi; S. Deng; M. Dittmer; R. Engel; J. Evans; L. Fischer; A. Garcia; S. Goswami; S. J. Gray; K. M. Groth; C. Günther; M. Jansson; B. J.P. Jones; D. Kang; M. Karl; D. J. Koskinen; T. Kozynets; A. Kumar; M. J. Larson; J. W. Lee; Y. T. Liu; Y. Lyu; J. Madsen; J. V. Mead; M. Meier; M. Neumann; R. Orsoe; N. Park; L. Paul; M. Plum; M. Ravn; A. Rehman; S. Reusch; A. Rosted; S. Sarkar; S. Sarkar; B. Schlüter; T. Schmidt; R. Shah; A. Søgaard; T. Stuttard; A. Wang; M. Wolf; X. W. Xu; S. Yu; Z. Zhang; Icecube Collaboration

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/19/07/P07038

Acceptance Tests of more than 10 000 Photomultiplier Tubes for the multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules of the IceCube Upgrade

J. Adams, M. Ahlers, J. Braun, Z. Chen, S. Choi, S. Deng, M. Dittmer, R. Engel, J. Evans, L. Fischer, A. Garcia, S. Goswami, S. J. Gray, K. M. Groth, C. Günther, M. Jansson, B. J.P. Jones, D. Kang, M. Karl, D. J. KoskinenT. Kozynets, A. Kumar, M. J. Larson, J. W. Lee, Y. T. Liu, Y. Lyu, J. Madsen, J. V. Mead, M. Meier, M. Neumann, R. Orsoe, N. Park, L. Paul, M. Plum, M. Ravn, A. Rehman, S. Reusch, A. Rosted, S. Sarkar, S. Sarkar, B. Schlüter, T. Schmidt, R. Shah, A. Søgaard, T. Stuttard, A. Wang, M. Wolf, X. W. Xu, S. Yu, Z. Zhang, Icecube Collaboration

Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Tidsskriftartikel › Forskning › peer review

Abstract

More than 10000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with a diameter of 80 mm will be installed in multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules (mDOMs) of the IceCube Upgrade. These have been tested and pre-calibrated at two sites. A throughput of more than 1000 PMTs per week with both sites was achieved with a modular design of the testing facilities and highly automated testing procedures. The testing facilities can easily be adapted to other PMTs, such that they can, e.g., be re-used for testing the PMTs for IceCube-Gen2. Single photoelectron response, high voltage dependence, time resolution, prepulse, late pulse, afterpulse probabilities, and dark rates were measured for each PMT. We describe the design of the testing facilities, the testing procedures, and the results of the acceptance tests.

Originalsprog	Engelsk
Artikelnummer	P07038
Tidsskrift	Journal of Instrumentation
Vol/bind	19
Udgave nummer	7
Antal sider	27
ISSN	1748-0221
DOI	https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/07/P07038
Status	Udgivet - 29 jul. 2024

Bibliografisk note

Funding Information:
The IceCube collaboration acknowledges the significant contributions to this manuscript from Lasse Halve and Johannes Werthebach. We acknowledge the support from the following agencies: U.S.A. \u2014 U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG), Partnership to Advance Throughput Computing (PATh), Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS), Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, U.S. Department of Energy-National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland, Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University, Astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University, NVIDIA Corporation, and Google Cloud Platform; Belgium \u2014 Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS and FWO), FWO Odysseus and Big Science programmes, and Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Germany \u2014 Bundesministerium f\u00FCr Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen; Sweden \u2014 Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; European Union \u2014 EGI Advanced Computing for research; Australia \u2014 Australian Research Council; Canada \u2014 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Calcul Qu\u00E9bec, Compute Ontario, Canada Foundation for Innovation, WestGrid, and Digital Research Alliance of Canada; Denmark \u2014 Villum Fonden, Carlsberg Foundation, and European Commission; New Zealand \u2014 Marsden Fund; Japan \u2014 Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University; Korea \u2014 National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Switzerland \u2014 Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). We acknowledge financial and infrastructure support by RWTH Aachen University and TU Dortmund University.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Author(s).

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10.1088/1748-0221/19/07/P07038Licens: CC BY

FulltextForlagets udgivne version, 18,1 MBLicens: CC BY

Citationsformater

Adams, J., Ahlers, M., Braun, J., Chen, Z., Choi, S., Deng, S., Dittmer, M., Engel, R., Evans, J., Fischer, L., Garcia, A., Goswami, S., Gray, S. J., Groth, K. M., Günther, C., Jansson, M., Jones, B. J. P., Kang, D., Karl, M., ... Icecube Collaboration (2024). Acceptance Tests of more than 10 000 Photomultiplier Tubes for the multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules of the IceCube Upgrade. Journal of Instrumentation, 19(7), [P07038]. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/07/P07038

Acceptance Tests of more than 10 000 Photomultiplier Tubes for the multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules of the IceCube Upgrade. / Adams, J.; Ahlers, M.; Braun, J.; Chen, Z.; Choi, S.; Deng, S.; Dittmer, M.; Engel, R.; Evans, J.; Fischer, L.; Garcia, A.; Goswami, S.; Gray, S. J.; Groth, K. M.; Günther, C.; Jansson, M.; Jones, B. J.P.; Kang, D.; Karl, M.; Koskinen, D. J.; Kozynets, T.; Kumar, A.; Larson, M. J.; Lee, J. W.; Liu, Y. T.; Lyu, Y.; Madsen, J.; Mead, J. V.; Meier, M.; Neumann, M.; Orsoe, R.; Park, N.; Paul, L.; Plum, M.; Ravn, M.; Rehman, A.; Reusch, S.; Rosted, A.; Sarkar, S.; Sarkar, S.; Schlüter, B.; Schmidt, T.; Shah, R.; Søgaard, A.; Stuttard, T.; Wang, A.; Wolf, M.; Xu, X. W.; Yu, S.; Zhang, Z.; Icecube Collaboration.

I: Journal of Instrumentation, Bind 19, Nr. 7, P07038, 29.07.2024.

Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Tidsskriftartikel › Forskning › peer review

Adams, J, Ahlers, M, Braun, J, Chen, Z, Choi, S, Deng, S, Dittmer, M, Engel, R, Evans, J, Fischer, L, Garcia, A, Goswami, S, Gray, SJ, Groth, KM, Günther, C, Jansson, M, Jones, BJP, Kang, D, Karl, M, Koskinen, DJ, Kozynets, T, Kumar, A, Larson, MJ, Lee, JW, Liu, YT, Lyu, Y, Madsen, J, Mead, JV, Meier, M, Neumann, M, Orsoe, R, Park, N, Paul, L, Plum, M, Ravn, M, Rehman, A, Reusch, S, Rosted, A, Sarkar, S, Sarkar, S, Schlüter, B, Schmidt, T, Shah, R, Søgaard, A, Stuttard, T, Wang, A, Wolf, M, Xu, XW, Yu, S, Zhang, Z & Icecube Collaboration 2024, 'Acceptance Tests of more than 10 000 Photomultiplier Tubes for the multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules of the IceCube Upgrade', Journal of Instrumentation, bind 19, nr. 7, P07038. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/07/P07038

Adams, J. ; Ahlers, M. ; Braun, J. ; Chen, Z. ; Choi, S. ; Deng, S. ; Dittmer, M. ; Engel, R. ; Evans, J. ; Fischer, L. ; Garcia, A. ; Goswami, S. ; Gray, S. J. ; Groth, K. M. ; Günther, C. ; Jansson, M. ; Jones, B. J.P. ; Kang, D. ; Karl, M. ; Koskinen, D. J. ; Kozynets, T. ; Kumar, A. ; Larson, M. J. ; Lee, J. W. ; Liu, Y. T. ; Lyu, Y. ; Madsen, J. ; Mead, J. V. ; Meier, M. ; Neumann, M. ; Orsoe, R. ; Park, N. ; Paul, L. ; Plum, M. ; Ravn, M. ; Rehman, A. ; Reusch, S. ; Rosted, A. ; Sarkar, S. ; Sarkar, S. ; Schlüter, B. ; Schmidt, T. ; Shah, R. ; Søgaard, A. ; Stuttard, T. ; Wang, A. ; Wolf, M. ; Xu, X. W. ; Yu, S. ; Zhang, Z. ; Icecube Collaboration. / Acceptance Tests of more than 10 000 Photomultiplier Tubes for the multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules of the IceCube Upgrade. I: Journal of Instrumentation. 2024 ; Bind 19, Nr. 7.

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abstract = "More than 10 000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with a diameter of 80 mm will be installed in multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules (mDOMs) of the IceCube Upgrade. These have been tested and pre-calibrated at two sites. A throughput of more than 1000 PMTs per week with both sites was achieved with a modular design of the testing facilities and highly automated testing procedures. The testing facilities can easily be adapted to other PMTs, such that they can, e.g., be re-used for testing the PMTs for IceCube-Gen2. Single photoelectron response, high voltage dependence, time resolution, prepulse, late pulse, afterpulse probabilities, and dark rates were measured for each PMT. We describe the design of the testing facilities, the testing procedures, and the results of the acceptance tests.",

keywords = "Cherenkov detectors; Neutrino detectors; Photon detectors for UV, HPDs, others), visible and IR photons (vacuum) (photomultipliers",

author = "J. Adams and M. Ahlers and J. Braun and Z. Chen and S. Choi and S. Deng and M. Dittmer and R. Engel and J. Evans and L. Fischer and A. Garcia and S. Goswami and Gray, {S. J.} and Groth, {K. M.} and C. G{\"u}nther and M. Jansson and Jones, {B. J.P.} and D. Kang and M. Karl and Koskinen, {D. J.} and T. Kozynets and A. Kumar and Larson, {M. J.} and Lee, {J. W.} and Liu, {Y. T.} and Y. Lyu and J. Madsen and Mead, {J. V.} and M. Meier and M. Neumann and R. Orsoe and N. Park and L. Paul and M. Plum and M. Ravn and A. Rehman and S. Reusch and A. Rosted and S. Sarkar and S. Sarkar and B. Schl{\"u}ter and T. Schmidt and R. Shah and A. S{\o}gaard and T. Stuttard and A. Wang and M. Wolf and Xu, {X. W.} and S. Yu and Z. Zhang and {Icecube Collaboration}",

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AU - Chen, Z.

AU - Choi, S.

AU - Deng, S.

AU - Dittmer, M.

AU - Engel, R.

AU - Evans, J.

AU - Fischer, L.

AU - Garcia, A.

AU - Goswami, S.

AU - Gray, S. J.

AU - Groth, K. M.

AU - Günther, C.

AU - Jansson, M.

AU - Jones, B. J.P.

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AU - Karl, M.

AU - Koskinen, D. J.

AU - Kozynets, T.

AU - Kumar, A.

AU - Larson, M. J.

AU - Lee, J. W.

AU - Liu, Y. T.

AU - Lyu, Y.

AU - Madsen, J.

AU - Mead, J. V.

AU - Meier, M.

AU - Neumann, M.

AU - Orsoe, R.

AU - Park, N.

AU - Paul, L.

AU - Plum, M.

AU - Ravn, M.

AU - Rehman, A.

AU - Reusch, S.

AU - Rosted, A.

AU - Sarkar, S.

AU - Schlüter, B.

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AU - Shah, R.

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AU - Icecube Collaboration

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N2 - More than 10 000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with a diameter of 80 mm will be installed in multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules (mDOMs) of the IceCube Upgrade. These have been tested and pre-calibrated at two sites. A throughput of more than 1000 PMTs per week with both sites was achieved with a modular design of the testing facilities and highly automated testing procedures. The testing facilities can easily be adapted to other PMTs, such that they can, e.g., be re-used for testing the PMTs for IceCube-Gen2. Single photoelectron response, high voltage dependence, time resolution, prepulse, late pulse, afterpulse probabilities, and dark rates were measured for each PMT. We describe the design of the testing facilities, the testing procedures, and the results of the acceptance tests.

AB - More than 10 000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with a diameter of 80 mm will be installed in multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules (mDOMs) of the IceCube Upgrade. These have been tested and pre-calibrated at two sites. A throughput of more than 1000 PMTs per week with both sites was achieved with a modular design of the testing facilities and highly automated testing procedures. The testing facilities can easily be adapted to other PMTs, such that they can, e.g., be re-used for testing the PMTs for IceCube-Gen2. Single photoelectron response, high voltage dependence, time resolution, prepulse, late pulse, afterpulse probabilities, and dark rates were measured for each PMT. We describe the design of the testing facilities, the testing procedures, and the results of the acceptance tests.

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KW - HPDs

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