Impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in individuals with lung function impairment: a prospective cohort study of the Danish general population

Jacob Louis Marott*, Truls Sylvan Ingebrigtsen, Yunus Çolak, Hannu Kankaanranta, Per Sigvald Bakke, Jørgen Vestbo, Børge Grønne Nordestgaard, Peter Lange

*Corresponding author af dette arbejde

Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskriftTidsskriftartikelForskningpeer review

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Abstract

Background
Whether the metabolic syndrome plays a role for the prognosis of individuals with lung function impairment (preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) or airflow limitation) is unclear. We hypothesised that the metabolic syndrome in individuals with lung function impairment is associated with increased cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality.

Methods
The Copenhagen General Population Study was initiated in 2003 based on a random sample of white men and women aged 20–100 years drawn from the Danish general population. The risk of ischemic heart disease/heart failure, respiratory disease, and all-cause mortality was analysed with Cox models adjusted for age, sex, current smoking, and asthma during 15 years of follow-up.

Findings
Among 106,845 adults, 86,159 had normal lung function, 6126 had PRISm, and 14,560 had airflow limitation. We observed 10,448 hospital admissions for ischemic heart disease/heart failure, 21,140 for respiratory disease, and 11,125 deaths. Individuals with versus individuals without the metabolic syndrome generally had higher 5-year absolute risk of all outcomes, including within those with normal lung function, mild-moderate-severe PRISm, and very mild-mild-moderate-severe airflow limitation alike. Compared to individuals without the metabolic syndrome and with normal lung function, those with both the metabolic syndrome and severe PRISm had hazard ratios of 3.74 (95% CI: 2.53–5.55; p < 0.0001) for ischemic heart disease/heart failure, 5.02 (3.85–6.55; p < 0.0001) for respiratory disease, and 5.32 (3.76–7.54; p < 0.0001) for all-cause mortality. Corresponding hazard ratios in those with both the metabolic syndrome and severe airflow limitation were 2.89 (2.34–3.58; p < 0.0001) for ischemic heart disease/heart failure, 5.98 (5.28–6.78; p < 0.0001) for respiratory disease, and 4.16 (3.50–4.95; p < 0.0001) for all-cause mortality, respectively. The metabolic syndrome explained 13% and 27% of the influence of PRISm or airflow limitation on ischemic heart disease/heart failure and all-cause mortality.

Interpretation
The metabolic syndrome conferred increased risk of cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality at all levels of lung function impairment.

Funding
Danish Lung Foundation, Danish Heart Foundation, Capital Region of Copenhagen, and Boehringer Ingelheim. JV is supported by the NIHR Manchester BRC.
OriginalsprogEngelsk
Artikelnummer100759
TidsskriftThe Lancet Regional Health - Europe
Vol/bind35
Antal sider13
ISSN2666-7762
DOI
StatusUdgivet - 2023

Bibliografisk note

Funding Information:
The study was supported by The Danish Lung Foundation, The Danish Heart Foundation, The Capital Region of Copenhagen, and Boehringer Ingelheim. JV is supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The funding sources provided unrestricted grants and did not take any part in the design or conduct of the study; collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Funding Information:
Danish Lung Foundation, Danish Heart Foundation, Capital Region of Copenhagen, and Boehringer Ingelheim. JV is supported by the NIHR Manchester BRC.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Author(s)

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