Opportunities and challenges of shea trees agroforestry systems and management practices in northern Ghana: A socio-ecological perspective

The Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) is a vital resource in the dry savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa, providing both economic and ecological benefits, particularly for women in rural communities. Despite their importance, shea trees face challenges due to agricultural intensification and reduced regeneration. This study investigates the socio-ecological dynamics of shea tree agroforestry systems in a village community in northern Ghana using a mixed-methods approach. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with key informants and participatory mapping exercises, while quantitative data were obtained from household surveys. Findings indicate high resilience and complexity within these systems and codependency between the shea trees and their users, supported by healthy shea tree populations, community recognition of their value and the system adaptability to climate stressors, such as reduced rainfall and rising temperatures. The farmers protected the shea trees from physical damage, but wildfires may damage the trees and plowing of soils may unintentionally remove seedlings. However, recent demographic changes have intensified farming practices, which may further threaten shea tree regeneration. Therefore, to balance agricultural productivity with ecological conservation, there is a need for new land-use strategies to ensure long-term sustainability in the region.