Abstract
We conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment (EA) in a sample of ~3 million individuals and identify 3,952 approximately uncorrelated genome-wide-significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A genome-wide polygenic predictor, or polygenic index (PGI), explains 12–16% of EA variance and contributes to risk prediction for ten diseases. Direct effects (i.e., controlling for parental PGIs) explain roughly half the PGI’s magnitude of association with EA and other phenotypes. The correlation between mate-pair PGIs is far too large to be consistent with phenotypic assortment alone, implying additional assortment on PGI-associated factors. In an additional GWAS of dominance deviations from the additive model, we identify no genome-wide-significant SNPs, and a separate X-chromosome additive GWAS identifies 57.
Originalsprog | Engelsk |
---|---|
Tidsskrift | Nature Genetics |
Vol/bind | 54 |
Udgave nummer | 4 |
Sider (fra-til) | 437-449 |
Antal sider | 13 |
ISSN | 1061-4036 |
DOI | |
Status | Udgivet - 2022 |
Bibliografisk note
Funding Information:We thank E.M. Tucker-Drob for helpful comments and J. Zeng for help with the SBayesR software. This research was carried out under the auspices of the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium. The analyses reported in the paper fall under National Bureau of Economic Research institutional review board protocols 19_434, 19_465 and 20_041. This paper uses cohort-level data from Okbay et al.62, and information about studies participating in that study can be found in the Additional Acknowledgements Supplementary section of that paper. Per Social Science Genetic Association Consortium policy, we acknowledge the authors of that paper, listed below, as collaborators. 23andMe research participants provided informed consent and participated in the research online, under a protocol approved by the external Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs-accredited institutional review board, Ethical & Independent Review Services. Participants were included in the analysis on the basis of consent status as checked at the time data analyses were initiated. We would like to thank the research participants and employees of 23andMe for making this work possible. We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of members of 23andMe’s Research Team, whose names are listed below. The research has also been conducted using the UKB Resource under application numbers 11425 and 12505. Informed consent was obtained from UKB subjects. Ethical approval for the GS: Scottish Family Health Study was obtained from the Tayside Committee on Medical Research Ethics (on behalf of the National Health Service). H.J, M.B., D. Cesarini and P.T. were supported by the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (E42/15 to D. Cesarini); A.O. and P.K. by the European Research Council (consolidator grant 647648 EdGe to P.K.); H.J., M.B., S.M.N., T.G., C.W., J.J., M.N.M., D. Cesarini, P.T., J.P.B., D.J.B. and A.I.Y. by Open Philanthropy (grant 010623-00001 to D.J.B.); R.A. and S.O. by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (grant P18-0782:1 to S.O.); N.W., G.G., C.W., L.Y. and D.J.B. by the National Institute on Aging (NIA)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) (grants R24-AG065184 and R01-AG042568 to D.J.B.); D.J.B. by the NIA/NIH (grant R56-AG058726 to T. Galama); P.T. by the NIA/National Institute on Mental Health (grants R01-MH101244-02 and U01-MH109539-02 to B. Neale); J.S. and P.M.V. by the Australian Research Council (grant FL180100072 to P.M.V.); and Y.W., L.Y. and P.M.V. by the National Health and Medical Research Council (grant GNT113400 to P.M.V.). The study was also supported by Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research VENI (grant 016.Veni.198.058 to A.O.); the F.G. Meade Scholarship and UQ Research Training Scholarship from the University of Queensland Senate (Y.W.); the Swedish Research Council (grant 2019-00244 to S.O.); an MRC University Unit Programme Grant (MC_UU_00007/10, QTL in Health and Disease, to C.H.); the Swedish Research Council (grant 421-2013-1061 to M.J.); Pershing Square Fund of the Foundations of Human Behavior (D.L.); the Li Ka Shing Foundation (A.K.); the Australian Research Council (grant DE200100425 to L.Y.); the NIA/NIH (grant K99-AG062787-01 to P.T.); the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute (grant OGI-152 to J.P.B.); the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (J.P.B.); and the Australian Research Council (P.M.V.).
Funding Information:
We thank E.M. Tucker-Drob for helpful comments and J. Zeng for help with the SBayesR software. This research was carried out under the auspices of the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium. The analyses reported in the paper fall under National Bureau of Economic Research institutional review board protocols 19_434, 19_465 and 20_041. This paper uses cohort-level data from Okbay et al., and information about studies participating in that study can be found in the Additional Acknowledgements Supplementary section of that paper. Per Social Science Genetic Association Consortium policy, we acknowledge the authors of that paper, listed below, as collaborators. 23andMe research participants provided informed consent and participated in the research online, under a protocol approved by the external Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs-accredited institutional review board, Ethical & Independent Review Services. Participants were included in the analysis on the basis of consent status as checked at the time data analyses were initiated. We would like to thank the research participants and employees of 23andMe for making this work possible. We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of members of 23andMe’s Research Team, whose names are listed below. The research has also been conducted using the UKB Resource under application numbers 11425 and 12505. Informed consent was obtained from UKB subjects. Ethical approval for the GS: Scottish Family Health Study was obtained from the Tayside Committee on Medical Research Ethics (on behalf of the National Health Service). H.J, M.B., D. Cesarini and P.T. were supported by the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (E42/15 to D. Cesarini); A.O. and P.K. by the European Research Council (consolidator grant 647648 EdGe to P.K.); H.J., M.B., S.M.N., T.G., C.W., J.J., M.N.M., D. Cesarini, P.T., J.P.B., D.J.B. and A.I.Y. by Open Philanthropy (grant 010623-00001 to D.J.B.); R.A. and S.O. by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (grant P18-0782:1 to S.O.); N.W., G.G., C.W., L.Y. and D.J.B. by the National Institute on Aging (NIA)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) (grants R24-AG065184 and R01-AG042568 to D.J.B.); D.J.B. by the NIA/NIH (grant R56-AG058726 to T. Galama); P.T. by the NIA/National Institute on Mental Health (grants R01-MH101244-02 and U01-MH109539-02 to B. Neale); J.S. and P.M.V. by the Australian Research Council (grant FL180100072 to P.M.V.); and Y.W., L.Y. and P.M.V. by the National Health and Medical Research Council (grant GNT113400 to P.M.V.). The study was also supported by Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research VENI (grant 016.Veni.198.058 to A.O.); the F.G. Meade Scholarship and UQ Research Training Scholarship from the University of Queensland Senate (Y.W.); the Swedish Research Council (grant 2019-00244 to S.O.); an MRC University Unit Programme Grant (MC_UU_00007/10, QTL in Health and Disease, to C.H.); the Swedish Research Council (grant 421-2013-1061 to M.J.); Pershing Square Fund of the Foundations of Human Behavior (D.L.); the Li Ka Shing Foundation (A.K.); the Australian Research Council (grant DE200100425 to L.Y.); the NIA/NIH (grant K99-AG062787-01 to P.T.); the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute (grant OGI-152 to J.P.B.); the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (J.P.B.); and the Australian Research Council (P.M.V.).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s).