Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Morten E. Allentoft*, Martin Sikora, Alba Refoyo-Martínez, Evan K. Irving-Pease, Anders Fischer, William Barrie, Andrés Ingason, Jesper Stenderup, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Alice Pearson, Bárbara Sousa da Mota, Bettina Schulz Paulsson, Alma Halgren, Ruairidh Macleod, Marie Louise Schjellerup Jørkov, Fabrice Demeter, Lasse Sørensen, Poul Otto Nielsen, Rasmus A. Henriksen, Tharsika VimalaHugh McColl, Ashot Margaryan, Melissa Ilardo, Andrew Vaughn, Morten Fischer Mortensen, Anne Birgitte Nielsen, Mikkel Ulfeldt Hede, Niels Nørkjær Johannsen, Peter Rasmussen, Lasse Vinner, Gabriel Renaud, Aaron Stern, Theis Zetner Trolle Jensen, Gabriele Scorrano, Hannes Schroeder, Per Lysdahl, Abigail Daisy Ramsøe, Andrei Skorobogatov, Andrew Joseph Schork, Anders Rosengren, Anthony Ruter, Alan Outram, Aleksey A. Timoshenko, Alexandra Buzhilova, Alfredo Coppa, Alisa Zubova, Ana Maria Silva, Anders J. Hansen, Andrey Gromov, Andrey Logvin, Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen, Bjarne Henning Nielsen, Borja González-Rabanal, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Catriona J. McKenzie, Charleen Gaunitz, Concepción Blasco, Corina Liesau, Cristina Martinez-Labarga, Dmitri V. Pozdnyakov, David Cuenca-Solana, David O. Lordkipanidze, Dmitri En’shin, Domingo C. Salazar-García, T. Douglas Price, Dušan Borić, Elena Kostyleva, Elizaveta V. Veselovskaya, Emma R. Usmanova, Enrico Cappellini, Erik Brinch Petersen, Esben Kannegaard, Francesca Radina, Fulya Eylem Yediay, Henri Duday, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Ilya Merts, Inna Potekhina, Irina Shevnina, Isin Altinkaya, Jean Guilaine, Jesper Hansen, Joan Emili Aura Tortosa, João Zilhão, Jorge Vega, Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, Krzysztof Tunia, Lei Zhao, Liudmila N. Mylnikova, Lars Larsson, Laure Metz, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Lisbeth Pedersen, Lucia Sarti, Ludovic Orlando, Ludovic Slimak, Lutz Klassen, Malou Blank, Manuel González-Morales, Mara Silvestrini, Maria Vretemark, Marina S. Nesterova, Marina Rykun, Mario Federico Rolfo, Marzena Szmyt, Marcin Przybyła, Mauro Calattini, Mikhail Sablin, Miluše Dobisíková, Morten Meldgaard, Morten Johansen, Natalia Berezina, Nick Card, Nikolai A. Saveliev, Olga Poshekhonova, Olga Rickards, Olga V. Lozovskaya, Olivér Gábor, Otto Christian Uldum, Paola Aurino, Pavel Kosintsev, Patrice Courtaud, Patricia Ríos, Peder Mortensen, Per Lotz, Per Persson, Pernille Bangsgaard, Peter de Barros Damgaard, Peter Vang Petersen, Pilar Prieto Martinez, Piotr Włodarczak, Roman V. Smolyaninov, Rikke Maring, Roberto Menduiña, Ruben Badalyan, Rune Iversen, Ruslan Turin, Sergey Vasilyev, Sidsel Wåhlin, Svetlana Borutskaya, Svetlana Skochina, Søren Anker Sørensen, Søren H. Andersen, Thomas Jørgensen, Yuri B. Serikov, Vyacheslav I. Molodin, Vaclav Smrcka, Victor Merts, Vivek Appadurai, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Yvonne Magnusson, Kurt H. Kjær, Niels Lynnerup, Daniel J. Lawson, Peter H. Sudmant, Simon Rasmussen, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Richard Durbin, Rasmus Nielsen, Olivier Delaneau, Thomas Werge, Fernando Racimo, Kristian Kristiansen, Eske Willerslev

*Corresponding author af dette arbejde

Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskriftTidsskriftartikelForskningpeer review

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Abstract

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1–5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods—from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 bp, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 bp, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

OriginalsprogEngelsk
TidsskriftNature
Vol/bind625
Udgave nummer7994
Sider (fra-til)301-311
ISSN0028-0836
DOI
StatusUdgivet - 2024

Bibliografisk note

Funding Information:
We acknowledge P. Bennike, who was involved in initiating this project, for her substantial contributions to its conception and to prehistoric research more broadly; she passed away in 2017. We thank L. Olsen and P. Selmer Olsen for administrative and technical assistance, respectively; the UK Biobank for access to the UK Biobank genomic resource; Illumina for collaboration; and S. Ellingvåg for assistance with sample access. E.W. thanks St John’s College, Cambridge, for providing a stimulating environment of discussion and learning. The Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre is supported by grants from the Lundbeck Foundation (R302-2018-2155 and R155-2013-16338), the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18SA0035006), the Wellcome Trust (214300), the Carlsberg Foundation (CF18-0024), the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF94, DNRF174), the University of Copenhagen (KU2016 programme) and Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S to E.W. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource and the iPSYCH Initiative, funded by the Lundbeck Foundation (R102-A9118 and R155-2014-1724). This work was further supported by the Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences grant (Riksbankens Jubileumsfond M16-0455:1) to K.K. M.E.A. was supported by Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions of the EU (grant no. 300554), The Villum Foundation (grant no. 10120) and Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant no. 7027-00147B). W.B. is supported by the Hanne and Torkel Weis-Fogh Fund (Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge). A.P. is funded by the Wellcome grant WT214300; B.S.d.M and O.D. by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SFNS PP00P3_176977) and the European Research Council (ERC 679330);.

Funding Information:
We acknowledge P. Bennike, who was involved in initiating this project, for her substantial contributions to its conception and to prehistoric research more broadly; she passed away in 2017. We thank L. Olsen and P. Selmer Olsen for administrative and technical assistance, respectively; the UK Biobank for access to the UK Biobank genomic resource; Illumina for collaboration; and S. Ellingvåg for assistance with sample access. E.W. thanks St John’s College, Cambridge, for providing a stimulating environment of discussion and learning. The Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre is supported by grants from the Lundbeck Foundation (R302-2018-2155 and R155-2013-16338), the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18SA0035006), the Wellcome Trust (214300), the Carlsberg Foundation (CF18-0024), the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF94, DNRF174), the University of Copenhagen (KU2016 programme) and Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S to E.W. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource and the iPSYCH Initiative, funded by the Lundbeck Foundation (R102-A9118 and R155-2014-1724). This work was further supported by the Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences grant (Riksbankens Jubileumsfond M16-0455:1) to K.K. M.E.A. was supported by Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions of the EU (grant no. 300554), The Villum Foundation (grant no. 10120) and Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant no. 7027-00147B). W.B. is supported by the Hanne and Torkel Weis-Fogh Fund (Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge). A.P. is funded by the Wellcome grant WT214300; B.S.d.M and O.D. by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SFNS PP00P3_176977) and the European Research Council (ERC 679330); R. Macleod by an SSHRC doctoral studentship grant (G101449: ‘Individual Life Histories in Long-Term Cultural Change’); G.R. by a Novo Nordisk Foundation Fellowship (gNNF20OC0062491); N.N.J. by Aarhus University Research Foundation; B.S.P. by an ERC-Starter Grant 'NEOSEA' (grant no. 949424); H.S. by a Carlsberg Foundation Fellowship (CF19-0601); G.S. by Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship ‘PALAEO-ENEO’ (grant agreement number 751349); A. J. Schork by a Lundbeckfonden Fellowship (R335-2019-2318) and the National Institute on Aging (NIH award numbers U19AG023122, U24AG051129 and UH2AG064706); A.L. and I.S. by the Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP08856317); B.G.-R. and M.G.-M. by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project HAR2016-75605-R); C.M.-L. and O.R. by the Italian Ministry for the Universities (grants 2010-11 prot.2010EL8TXP_001, ‘Biological and cultural heritage of the central-southern Italian population through 30 thousand years’ and 2008 prot. 2008B4J2HS_001, ‘Origin and diffusion of farming in central-southern Italy: a molecular approach’); and D.C.-S. and I.G.-Z. by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project HAR2017-86262-P). D.C.S.-G. acknowledges funding from the Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2019/061) and the Spanish Government (EUR2020-112213). D.B. was supported by the NOMIS Foundation and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Global Fellowship 'CUSP' (grant no. 846856); E.R.U. by the Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (АР09261083: ‘Transcultural Communications in the Late Bronze Age (Western Siberia–Kazakhstan–Central Asia)‘); E.C. by Villum Fonden (17649); J.E.A.T. by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (HAR2013‐46861‐R) and Generalitat Valenciana (Aico/ 2018/125 and Aico 2020/97); and P.K. by the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Ural Federal University Program of Development within the Priority-2030 Program). P.K. also acknowledges the Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (UB RAS, Ekaterinburg). L.Y. acknowledges funding by the Science Committee of the Armenian Ministry of Education and Science (project 21AG-1F025); L.O. by the ERC Consolidator Grant ‘PEGASUS’ (agreement no. 681605); M. Sablin by the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (075-15-2021-1069); N.C. by Historic Environment Scotland; S.V. and E.V.V. by the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (075-15-2022-328); and V.M. by the Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AR08856925). V.A. is supported by a Lundbeckfonden Fellowship (R335-2019-2318); P.H.S. by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM142916); S.R. by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF14CC0001); T.S.K. is funded by Carlsberg grant CF19-0712; R.D. by the Wellcome Trust (WT214300); R.N. by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH grant R01GM138634); and F. Racimo by a Villum Fonden Young Investigator Grant (no. 00025300); by a Novo Nordisk Fonden Data Science Ascending Investigator Award (NNF22OC0076816) and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon Europe programme (grant agreement No. 101077592). T.W. and V.A. are supported by the Lundbeck Foundation iPSYCH initiative (R248-2017-2003).

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