Abstract
Background: The classical psychedelics, psilocybin, peyote, ayahuasca/N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide are considered promising new treatments for psychiatric illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, addiction, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. However, their profound and characteristic subjective effects raise concern for distinctive biases in randomized clinical trials. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search to identify all clinical trials on classical psychedelics with patient populations to examine descriptive data and determine the risk of bias. Two independent reviewers searched three databases (PubMed, Embase, and APA PsycNet) and extracted information on study design, study population, use of active or inactive placebo, dropouts, evaluation of blinding of intervention, and reporting of expectancy and therapeutic alliance. Results: We included 10 papers reporting on 10 unique trials. The trials generally included populations that were predominantly white and highly educated. The trials had small samples and considerable dropout. Blinding was either unsuccessful or not reported regardless of type of placebo. Few trials published protocols, statistical analysis plans (SAPs), and outcomes relating to psychotherapy fidelity. All trials but one were rated as high risk of bias. Conclusion: Successful blinding of intervention is a significant challenge in this field. To better accommodate this, we suggest that future trials use a parallel-group design and utilize an active placebo on a psychedelic-naïve population. Future trials should publish trial protocol and SAPs, use clinician-rated outcomes accessed by a blinded rater, evaluate blinding of intervention, and consider measuring expectancy and therapeutic fidelity.
Originalsprog | Engelsk |
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Tidsskrift | Journal of Psychopharmacology |
Vol/bind | 37 |
Udgave nummer | 7 |
Sider (fra-til) | 649-659 |
ISSN | 0269-8811 |
DOI | |
Status | Udgivet - 2023 |
Bibliografisk note
Funding Information:The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: ORHs PhD which is not related to the present paper is financed by the publicly funded Region Zealand Mental Health Services, and the not-for-profit organization TrygFonden and the A.P. Møller Fonden, Fonden til Lægevidenskabens Fremme. EMDs pregraduate research stipend is granted by the Lundbeck Foundation. SA and OJSs professorships are internally funded by the Region Zealand Mental Health Services. SA and OJS have not received any pharmaceutical-industry sponsorships.
Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2023.