RootPainter3D: Interactive-machine-learning enables rapid and accurate contouring for radiotherapy

Abraham George Smith*, Jens Petersen, Cynthia Terrones-Campos, Anne Kiil Berthelsen, Nora Jarrett Forbes, Sune Darkner, Lena Specht, Ivan Richter Vogelius

*Corresponding author af dette arbejde

Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskriftTidsskriftartikelForskningpeer review

8 Citationer (Scopus)
23 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Purpose: Organ-at-risk contouring is still a bottleneck in radiotherapy, with many deep learning methods falling short of promised results when evaluated on clinical data. We investigate the accuracy and time-savings resulting from the use of an interactive-machine-learning method for an organ-at-risk contouring task. Methods: We implement an open-source interactive-machine-learning software application that facilitates corrective-annotation for deep-learning generated contours on X-ray CT images. A trained-physician contoured 933 hearts using our software by delineating the first image, starting model training, and then correcting the model predictions for all subsequent images. These corrections were added into the training data, which was used for continuously training the assisting model. From the 933 hearts, the same physician also contoured the first 10 and last 10 in Eclipse (Varian) to enable comparison in terms of accuracy and duration. Results: We find strong agreement with manual delineations, with a dice score of 0.95. The annotations created using corrective-annotation also take less time to create as more images are annotated, resulting in substantial time savings compared to manual methods. After 923 images had been delineated, hearts took 2 min and 2 s to delineate on average, which includes time to evaluate the initial model prediction and assign the needed corrections, compared to 7 min and 1 s when delineating manually. Conclusions: Our experiment demonstrates that interactive-machine-learning with corrective-annotation provides a fast and accessible way for non computer-scientists to train deep-learning models to segment their own structures of interest as part of routine clinical workflows.

OriginalsprogEngelsk
TidsskriftMedical Physics
Vol/bind49
Udgave nummer1
Sider (fra-til)461-473
ISSN0094-2405
DOI
StatusUdgivet - 2022

Bibliografisk note

Funding Information:
The authors thank Thomas Carlslund and Kurt Nielsen for IT infrastructure support and Agata Wlaszczyk for proofreading. They would also like to thank Katrin Elisabet Håkansson, Mirjana Josipovic, and Emmanouil Terzidi for feedback on early versions of the software and Deborah Anne Schut for feedback on the heart contouring procedure. The authors also thank Mikkel Skaarup for feedback on experimental design and gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Varian Medical Systems and the Danish Cancer Society (grant no R231‐A13976).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 American Association of Physicists in Medicine

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