The turtle as a model for spinal motor circuits

The turtle has several advantages as a model system for investigating spinal motor activity. The high resistance to anoxia allows in vitro investigation of the fully developed and adult spinal circuitry. The turtle is mechanically stable and natural sensory inputs can induce multiple complex motor behaviors, without the need for application of neurochemicals. We review the use of the turtle as an experimental model, the historical aspects, major findings that have resulted from using this model, its major shortcomings and challenges, and exciting new approaches.