Anan Yaghmur

Anan Yaghmur

1998-2002 Ph.D. Applied Chemistry at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 1996-1998 M.Sc. Applied Chemistry at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 1990-1995 B.Sc. Chemical Engineering, Ankara University, Turkey (first class honors)

  • Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø

  • Universitetsparken 2

    2100 København Ø

Personal profile

Primary fields of research

Scientific Focus area

Of particular interest is the possible utilization of colloidal aqueous dispersions of lipids with confined inner nanostructures (such as cubosomes, hexosomes, and micellar cubosomes) as safe and efficient drug nanocarriers. The optimal utilization of these dispersions requires studying the impact of loading drugs on their internal nanostructures, and fully comprehending the interaction of these drug-loaded dispersed particles with the biological environment to ensure the efficient transportation of the solubilized drugs. In addition, it is of our interest to address the challenges of enhancing the stability of the dispersed particles under different conditions, and of modulating their nanostructure in order to optimize their loading of different drugs.

Background

  1. Cubosomes and hexosomes as drug nanocarriers
  2. Formation and characterization of drug nanocarriers
  3. Characterization of stimuli-responsive self-assembled drug nanocarriers.
  4. Hierarchically organized aqueous dispersions of self-assembled lipid phases: cubosomeshexosomes, and emulsified microemulsions.
  5. Formulation and characterization of O/W and W/O microemulsions.

Fields of interest

Design and characterization of nanomedicines, liquid crystalline phases, cubosomes, hexosomes, safe and efficient self-assembled drug nanocarriers

Current research

 Lipid-based nano-structured drug delivery systems:

Pharmaceutical Physical and Analytical Chemistry – University of Copenhagen (ku.dk)

Cubosome and Hexosome Nanomedicines (CH-NANO) – Yaghmur Group – University of Copenhagen (ku.dk)

Cubosomes and hexosomes as drug nanocarriers

In situ characterization of drug formulations based on liquid crystalline phases

Liquid crystalline coatings to combat implant-associated biofilm infections

Master Projects

http://pharmacy.ku.dk/teaching/vacant_studentprojects/documents/Master-thesis-2016-pharmacy.pdf

Current Postdocs:

Dr. Mia Danielsen: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common cause of liver disease with substantial health-care costs for its prevention or management. In line with the urgent global need for new therapies to treat patients with late-stage liver fibrosis, the collaborative interdisciplinary project deals with development and optimization of multifunctional nanotherapeutic cubosomal/hexosomes platforms for NAFLD treatment. The project focuses on engineering and characterizing advanced drug nanocarriers actively targeting hepatic stellate cells. The project is financed by the Danish Council for Independent Research | Technology and Production Sciences (FTP).

Dr. Seref Akay: Design, characterization, and evaluation of biofilm eradicating hybrid liquid crystalline nano-coatings for new 3D porous orthopaedic implant. Dr. Seref is awarded Marie Skłodowska-Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship. The grant is 1.6 mill DKK (214934 Euro). 

Dr. Gökçe Dicle Kalaycıoğlu: Versatile cubosomal/hexosomal carriers for cancer therapy. Dr. G. D. Kalaycıoğlu is awarded 2219 postdoctoral grant (number 1059B192203132) by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK).

Current PhD students:

Zahra Babaie: MICNANO project (2023-2026): Microfluidic synthesis and online characterization of cubosomal and hexosomal nanocarriers for colorectal cancer therapy. The project is financed by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (Grant number NNF22OC0079752).

Chenyang Wu: Versatile cubosomal and hexosomal nanocarriers for colorectal cancer therapy. The  project is financed by the China Scholarship Council (CSC). Primiary co-supervisor Associate Prof. Huiling Mu. 

Habibullah Jan: Cubosomes and hexosomes as versatile nanocarriers for prevention and treatment of biofilm infections. The  project is financed by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC). Primiary co-supervisor Prof. Oana Ciofu (Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen).  

Ibrahim Abdulbaqi (co-supervision, Main supervisor: Prof. H. Wahab (Universiti Sains Malaysia(USM), Malaysia)

Current Guest students:

Zahra Eskandari: Food-grade nano-self-assemblies (PhD student, main supervisor: Associate Prof. Seyed F. Hosseini)

Current Master students:

Tanmay Rajesh Lohiya 

Sara Ali

Sumeya Okutan

Abdul Hussain

Ornuma Sorngate Albertsen

 

Former Postdocs and students:

Roudabeh Foroughian (Master student)

Manija Nazim (Master student)

Amaia Amaia Huarte Llorens (Master student)

Janvi Sahukara (Master student)

Dr. Sana Ghayas (Postdoc): pH-responsive nano-self-assemblies for treatment of biofilm infections. The  project was financed by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC). 

Ozra Alizadeh (Master student)

Simian Ahmed (Master student)

Nasir Mahmood Ahmad (Master student)

Navid Poorkhabaz (Master student)

Maha Diab (Master student)

Angelina Le (Master student)

Amy Mirzai Nielsen (Master student)

Gizem Bor (PhD student): BRAIN-PENNANO project: BRAIN PENetrating cubosomal and hexosomal NANOcarriers for glioma-targeting delivery. The project was financed by the Danish Council for Independent Research | Technology and Production Sciences (FTP).

William Schmidt Nannerup (Master student)

Saleh Lotfi

Wenyao Song (co-supervision, Danish co-supervisor, the Sino-Danish program, main supervisor: Prof. Guanglu Ge)

Shen Helvig (PhD student): NANOLYMPH: NANO-engineered LYMphotropic Cubosomes and Hexosomes. The project is financed by the Danish Council for Independent Research | Technology and Production Sciences. MAX4ESSFUN grant: Co-financing 6 months SAXS experiments by the Interreg project ESS & MAX IV Cross Border Science and Society

Samim Aryan (Master student: co-supervision)

Laura Amedovski (Master student: co-supervision)

Aria Aria Rahbar Barkadehi (Master student)

Balsam  Altemimei (Master student)

Mikail Atsiz (Master student)

Ghulam Rasool Sadat (Master student)

Evrim Sahin (Master student)

Begüm Nur Ödevci (Master student)

Sarah Ariabod (Master student)

Raghib Ghazal (Master student)

Xianrong Shao (Master student) 

Rama Prajapati (Master student)

Sabah Al-Hosayni (Master student)

Boi Vi Tran (Master student)

Umar Asghar (Master student)

Wael Alhalaq (Master student)

Firas Alturk (Master student)

Hasan Ammar Akram (Master student)

Christa Nilsson (PhD student): Cuboosmes and hexosomes as theranostic nanocarriers

Intan Diana Mat Azmi (Postdoc & PhD student):

Postdoc Project: NANO-engineered LYMphotropic Cubosomes and Hexosomes

PhD Project: Safe Cubosome and Hexosome Nanocarrier Design for Drug Delivery

The project was supported by the Staff Tranining Program (University of Puta Malaysia, UPM)

Aghiad Ghazal (Phd student): Formulation of soft self-assembled nano-pharmaceuticals (CONEXT project with Prof. Kell Mortensen)

Helene Andersen (Postdoc):NANO-engineered LYMphotropic Cubosomes and Hexosomes

Kirstin Khaliqi (Master student)

Mohammed-Jawad Tahir (Master student)

Erdal Avci (Master student)

Simon Pham (Master student)

Tadeusz Induszewski (Research assistant and Master student)

Ali Kazem (Master student) 

Ömer Faruk Özdemir  (Master student)

Sophie Schulha (Master student)

Selma Keceli (Master student)

Gültekin Caliskan (Master student)

Mark Gontsarik (Master student)

Sofie Fogh Hedegaard (Master student): Lipidic nanostructured aqueous dispersions as novel drug nanocarriers

Exchange/Guest and BA students:

Laura Woythe 

Somayeh Khanmohammadi (November 2019-May 2020) 

Esra Ilhan Ayisigi (November 2019-December 2019)

Jesper Sand Mortensen

 Recent Grants:

1. OMEGA project (2024-2028, 6.190.286 DKK): Versatile OMEGA-3 fatty acid nanocarriers targeting hepatic stellate cells. The project is financed by the Danish Council for Independent Research | Technology and Production Sciences (FTP). Co-applicants:  Prof. Seyed Moein Moghimi (the Pharmaceutics and Nanomedicine research group, Newcastle University, UK) and Prof. Jens Lykkesfyldt (Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen).

2. MICNANO project (2023-2026, 2.926.972 DKK): Microfluidic synthesis and online characterization of cubosomal and hexosomal NANOcarriers for colorectal cancer therapy. It is financed by awarded grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation. Collaboration with Prof. Winnie Edith Svendsen and Dr. Maria Dimaki (DTU Bioengineering: Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine).

3. INP project 2019 & 2020 (Microfluidic Platforms for Drug Delivery Applications): 217.179 kr. Co-applicant: Associate Prof. Ozlem Yesil Celiktas (Bioengineering Department, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey). A grant from the Danish Agency for Science and Higher Education for initiating and exploring new networking and collaboration opportunities between Danish and Turkish research institutions

4. BRAIN-PENNANO project 2017-2021:  2.591.817 kr. The project is financed by the Danish Council for Independent Research | Technology and Production Sciences (FTP).

5. NANOLYMPH project 2013-2017: 5.432.056 DKK. The project is financed by the Danish Council for Independent Research | Technology and Production Sciences (Det Frie Forskningsråd for Teknologi og Produktion (FTP))

http://pharmacy.ku.dk/research/section_pharm_design/pharm_phys_chem/lipid_based_nanostruc/nanolymph_nano_engineered/

6. CoNEXT PhD project: PhD student Aghiad Ghazal

Project related to the UCPH Excellence Research Program with Kell Mortensen (Niels Bohr Institiute, Science), Susan Weng Larsen and Camilla Foged (Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences)

http://conext.ku.dk/

7. Danscatt: Annual financial support for SAXS experiments

8. Financial support for 2013-2016: 130000 DKK/year from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (Intan's PhD project).

Articles with open access

Recent Advances in Antibacterial Coatings to Combat Orthopedic Implant-Associated Infections (mdpi.com)

Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of antibiotic-free phosphatidylglycerol/docosahexaenoic acid lamellar and non-lamellar liquid crystalline nanoparticles - ScienceDirect

Simple-by-design approach for production of stabilizer-free cubosomes from phosphatidylglycerol and docosahexaenoic acid monoacylglycerol - ScienceDirect

Molecules | Free Full-Text | Microfluidic Nanomaterial Synthesis and In Situ SAXS, WAXS, or SANS Characterization: Manipulation of Size Characteristics and Online Elucidation of Dynamic Structural Transitions (mdpi.com)

Cell medium-dependent dynamic modulation of size and structural transformations of binary phospholipid/ω-3 fatty acid liquid crystalline nano-self-assemblies: Implications in interpretation of cell uptake studies - ScienceDirect

A structurally diverse library of glycerol monooleate/oleic acid non-lamellar liquid crystalline nanodispersions stabilized with nonionic methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG)-lipids showing variable complement activation properties - ScienceDirect

Nanomaterials | Free Full-Text | Continuous Microfluidic Production of Citrem-Phosphatidylcholine Nano-Self-Assemblies for Thymoquinone Delivery (mdpi.com)

Molecules | Free Full-Text | Non-Lamellar Liquid Crystalline Nanocarriers for Thymoquinone Encapsulation (mdpi.com)

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003747

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002072

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000479

Teaching

Physical Chemistry, Lectures and class teaching

Physical Chemistry, Laboratory Course

Academic Awards and Honors

Årets Underviser 2011: the teacher of the Year 2011 award from the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciecnes (KU). 

Lise-Meitner Fellowship (2003 & 2004) from FWF (the Austrian Science Funds).

 

CV

Education

  • 1998-2002 Ph.D. student in Applied Chemistry at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Thesis: “Food Grade Microemulsions Based on Nonionic Emulsifiers”.
  • 1996-1998 M.Sc. studies in Applied Chemistry at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  • 1990-1995 B.Sc. studies in Chemical Engineering, Ankara University, Turkey (first class honors).

Career/employment

  • 2009-present Associate professor at the Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen.  Research Interest: formulation of drug nanocarriers based on lyotropic liquid crystalline particles (cubosomes, hexosomes, micellar cubosomes)
  • 2006-2009 Young scientist at the Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research (IBN) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz (Austria).
  • 2002- 2005 Postdoctoral position at the Chemistry Institute, Karl-Franzens University of Graz (Austria).
  • 1999-2000 Research Assistant in Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Academic Awards and Honors

  1. Årets Underviser 2011: the teacher of the Year 2011 award from the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (KU). Nomination for this prestigious teaching award by the students.
  2. Lise-Meitner Fellowship from FWF (the Austrian Science Funds), and Research grant from Nestec (Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland) in 2003-2005 Supervisor functions:  I am currently main/co-supervisor of 7 PhD students (6 students at SUND and one student at CDR, University of Helsinki, Finland), and a Master student.

H Index & Citations:

47 (total Citations: > 5950, source Scopus). I‘m listed also in Marquis Who’s Who in the World

Teaching

Physical Chemistry (lectures and laboratory course). Participation in the Course in Higher Education Teaching (Adjunktpædagogikum 2010, the University of Copenhagen, Denmark).

International Conferences & Invited talks:

at least 60 oral and poster presentations in international meetings. At least 10 invited talks in conferences, and universities

Editorial Board Member

Section Editor-in-Chief: Molecules (IF: 4.2)

Referee:

For at least 10 prominent journals including Soft Matter, PLoS ONE, and Langmuir. In addition to the evaluation of grant applications for scientific funding bodies in France, Qatar, and Romania.

Publications Refereed Journal Articles:

  1. Eskandari, S. F. Hosseini, A. Yaghmur, Production of ω-3 PUFA concentrates from common kilka oil: Optimization of the urea complexation process“, Molecules 2024, 29,2430.
  2. H. Jan, S. Ghayas, D. Higazy, N. M. Ahmad, A. Yaghmur, O. Ciofu, “Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of antibiotic-free phosphatidylglycerol/docosahexaenoic acid lamellar and non-lamellar liquid crystalline nanoparticles“, Colloid Interface Sci. 2024, 669, 537-551.
  3. Akay, A. Yaghmur, “Recent advances in antibacterial coatings to combat orthopedic implant associated infections“, Molecules 2024, 29, 1172.
  4. Ramezanzade, S. F. Hosseini, R. H. Sajedi, A. M. Nielsen, A. Yaghmur, Food-grade hexosomes as efficient vehicles for delivery of fish-purified antioxidant peptide, Food Chem. 2024, 434, 137446.
  5. Yaghmur, S. M. Moghimi, “Intrinsic and dynamic heterogeneity of non-lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline nanodispersions", ACS Nano 2023, 17, 22, 22183–22195.
  6. Yaghmur, J. Østergaard, H. Mu, Lipid nanoparticles for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics: Recent advances in development of siRNA and lipoprotein-mimicking nanocarriers, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 2023, 203, 115136.
  7. Yaghmur, S. Ghayas, H. Jan, G. D. Kalaycioglu, S. M. Moghimi, “Omega 3 fatty acid nanocarriers: Characterization and potential applications”, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2023, 67:101728.
  8. M. Moghimi, H. B. Haroon, A. Yaghmur, A. C. Hunter, E. Papini, Z. S. Farhangrazi, D. Simberg, P. N. Trohopoulos, “Perspectives on complement and phagocytic cell responses to nanoparticles: from fundamentals to adverse reactions”, J. Control. Rel. 2023, 356, 115-129.
  9. Bor, J.-H. Lin; K.-Y. Lin, H.-C. Chen, R. Prajnamitra, S. Salentinig, P. Hsieh, S. M. Moghimi, A. Yaghmur, “PEGylation of phosphatidylglycerol/docosahexaenoic acid hexosomes with TPGS-mPEG2000 induces morphological transformation into vesicles with prolonged circulation times”, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 48449–48463.
  10. M. Moghimi, H. B. Haroon, A. Yaghmur, D. Simberg, P. N. Trohopoulos, “Nanometer- and angstrom-scale characteristics that modulate complement responses to nanoparticles”, J. Control. Rel. 2022, 351, 432-443.
  11. Yaghmur, I. Hamad, “Microfluidic nanomaterial synthesis and in situ SAXS, WAXS, or SANS characterization: Manipulation of size characteristics and online elucidation of dynamic structural transitions”, Molecules 2022, 27, 4602.
  12. Mertz, F. Bock, J. Østergaard, A. Yaghmur, S. W. Larsen, Investigation of diclofenac release and structural behavior of non-lamellar liquid crystal formulations during in situ formation by combining SAXS and UV-Vis imaging, Int. J. Pharm. 2022, 623, 121880.
  13. G. Bor, S. Salentinig, E. Şahin, B. N. Ödevci, M. Roursgaard, L. Liccardo, P. Hamerlik, S. M. Moghimi, A. Yaghmur, Cell medium-dependent dynamic modulation of size and structural transformations of binary phospholipid/w-3 fatty acid liquid crystalline nano-self-assemblies: implications in interpretation of cell uptake studies, Colloid Interface Sci. 2022, 606, 464-479.
  14. Ramezanzade, S. F. Hosseini, B. Akbari-Adergani, R. H. Sajedi, A. Yaghmur, Evaluation of bioactive properties of peptide fractions from enzymatic hydrolysis of orangefin ponyfish (Leiognathus bindus), JFST 2022, 11, 106-122.
  15. M. Abdulbaqi, R. Abou Assi, A. Yaghmur, Y. Darwis, N. Mohtar, T. Parumasivam, F. G. Saqallah, H. A. Wahab, Pulmonary delivery of anticancer drugs via lipid-based nanocarriers for the treatment of lung cancers: An update, Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 725.
  16. Ramezanzade, S. F. Hosseini, B. Akbari-Adergani, A. Yaghmur, Cross-linked chitosan-coated liposomes for encapsulation of fish-derived peptide”, LWT 2021, 150, 112057.
  17. Mertz, A. Yaghmur, J. Østergaard, H. Amenitsch, S. W. Larsen, “Spatially and time-resolved SAXS for monitoring dynamic structural transitions during in situ generation of non-lamellar liquid crystalline phases in biologically relevant media”, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 602, 415-425.
  18. Ilhan-Ayisigi, A. Ghazal, B. Sartori, M. Dimaki, W. E. Svendsen, O. Yesil-Celiktas, A. Yaghmur, Continuous microfluidic production of citrem-phosphatidylcholine nano-self-assemblies for thymoquinone delivery, Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1510.
  19. Ilhan-Ayisigi, B. Yaldiz, G. Bor, A. Yaghmur, O. Yesil-Celiktas, “Advances in microfluidic synthesis and coupling with synchrotron SAXS for continuous production and real-time structural characterization of nano-self-assemblies”, Colloid Surface B 2021, 201, 111633.
  20. Yaghmur, H. Mu, Recent advances in drug delivery applications of cubosomes, hexosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles“, Acta Pharm. Sin. B 2021, 11, 871-885.
  21. Gontsarik, A. Yaghmur, S. Salentinig, Dispersed liquid crystals as pH-adjustable antimicrobial peptide nanocarriers“, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 583, 672-682.
  22. Y. Helvig, L. Woythe, S. Pham, G. Bor , H. Andersen, S. M. Moghimi, A. Yaghmur, ”A structurally diverse library of glycerol monooleate/oleic acid non-lamellar liquid crystalline nanodispersions stabilized with nonionic methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG)-lipids showing tunable complement activation properties”, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 582, 906-917.
  23. Yaghmur, M. Rappolt, A. L. Uldall Jonassen, M. Schmitt, S. W. Larsen, “In situ monitoring of the formation of lipidic non-lamellar liquid crystalline depot formulations in synovial fluid, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 582, 773-781.
  24. Y. Helvig, H. Andersen, M. Antopolsky, A. Airaksinen, A. Urtti, A. Yaghmur, S. M. Moghimi, ”Engineering hexosomes for single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography dynamic imaging of regional lymph nodes”, Materialia 2020, 11, 100705.
  25. Yaghmur, B. V. Tran, S. M. Moghimi,Non-lamellar liquid crystalline nanocarriers for thymoquinone encapsulation, Molecules 2020, 25, 16.
  26. Yaghmur, S. Lotfi, S. Ariabod, G. Bor, M. Gontsarik, S. Salentinig,Lamellar and inverse hexagonal liquid crystalline phases during digestion of krill and astaxanthin oil-in-water emulsions, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2019, 7, 384.
  27. Prajapati, S. W. Larsen, A. Yaghmur, Phosphatidylcholine-citrem nano-self-assemblies: Solubilization of bupivacaine and its role in triggering colloidal transition from vesicles to cubosomes and hexosomes, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2019, 21, 15142-15150.
  28. Yaghmur, A. Ghazal, R. Ghazal, M. Dimaki, W. E. Svendsen, A Hydrodynamic flow focusing microfluidic device for the continuous production of hexosomes based on docosahexaenoic acid monoglyceride, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2019, 21, 13005-13013.
  29. Prajapati, M. Gontsarik, A. Yaghmur, S. Salentinig, pH-Responsive nano-self-assemblies based on the anticancer drug 2-hydroxyoleic acid”, Langmuir 2019, 35, 7954-7961.
  30. Mertz, J. Østergaard, A. Yaghmur, S. W. Larsen Transport characteristics in a novel in vitro release model for testing the performance of intra-articular injectables, Int. J. Pharm. 2019, 566, 445-453.
  31. M. Moghimi, D. Simberg, T. Skotland, A. Yaghmur, C. Hunter, The interplay between blood proteins, complement, and macrophages on nanomedicine performance and responses, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2019, 370, 581–592.
  32. Gontsarik, A. Yaghmur, Q. Ren, K. Maniura-Weber, S. Salentinig, From structure to function: pH-Switchable antimicrobial nano-self-assemblies. ACS Appl. Mater. Interface 2019, 11, 2821–2829.
  33. Bor, I. D. M. Azmi, A. Yaghmur, “Nanomedicines for cancer therapy: Current status, challenges, and future Prospects”. Ther. Deliv. 2019, 10, 113-132.
  34. Shao, S. Al-Hosayni, G. Bor, S. Salentinig, A. Yaghmur, “Structural characterization of self-assemblies of new omega-3 lipids: Docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid monoglycerides”. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2018, 20, 23928–23941.
  35. Prajapati, S. Salentinig, A. Yaghmur, Temperature triggering of kinetically trapped self-assemblies in citrem-phospholipid nanoparticles”, Chem. Phys. Lipids 2018, 216, 30–38.  
  36. D. M. Azmi, J. Østergaard, S. Stürup, B. Gammelgaard, A. Urtti, S. M. Moghimi, A. Yaghmur, Cisplatin encapsulation generates morphologically different multi-compartments in the internal nanostructures of non-lamellar liquid crystalline self-assemblies, Langmuir 2018, 34, 6570–6581.
  37. Gontsarik, M. Mohammadtaheri, A. Yaghmur, S. Salentinig, “pH-Triggered nanostructural transformations in antimicrobial peptide/oleic acid self-assemblies”, Biomater. Sci. 20186, 803-812.
  38. Yaghmur, S. Al-Hosayni, H. Amenitsch, S. Salentinig, Structural investigation of bulk and dispersed inverse lyotropic hexagonal liquid crystalline phases of eicosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride”, Langmuir 2017, 33, 14045–14057.
  39. Khaliqi, A. Ghazal, I. D. M. Azmi, H. Amenitsch, K. Mortensen, S. Salentinig and A. Yaghmur, “Direct monitoring of lipid transfer on exposure of citrem nanoparticles to an ethanol solution containing soybean phospholipid by combining synchrotron SAXS with microfluidics”, Analyst 2017142, 3118-3126.
  40. Salentinig, H. Amenitsch, A. Yaghmur, “In-situ monitoring of colloidal transformations in mayonnaise during lipid digestion”. ACS Omega 2017, 2, 1441-1446.
  41. S. Kallerup, H. Franzyk, M. L. Schiøth, B. Martin-Berthelsen, F. Rose, D. Christensen, K. S. Korsholm, A. Yaghmur, C. Foged, “Biophysical characterization of neat immunopotentiating synthetic mycobacterial cord factor analogues and in binary dispersions with DDA: Effects of acyl chain length, degree of acylation and headgroup modification“. Mol. Pharmaceutics, 201714, pp 2294–2306.
  42. Ghazal, M. Gontsarik, J. Kutter, J. Lafleur, D. Ahmadvand, A. Labrador, A. Yaghmur, "Microfluidic platform for the continuous production and characterization of multilamellar vesicles: A synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) study". J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 73-79.
  43. Martin-Bertelsen, J. J. K. Kirkensgaard, H. Franzyk, A. Yaghmur, C. Foged, “Conserved molecular superlattices in a series of homologous synthetic mycobacterial cell-wall lipids forming interdigitated bilayers“. Langmuir 2016, 32,pp 12693–12701.
  44. V. Kulkarni, A. Yaghmur, M. Steinhart, M. Kriechbaum, M. Rappolt “Effect of high pressure on internally self-assembled lipid nanoparticles: A synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) study”, Langmuir 2016, 32, 11907−11917.
  45. Ghazal, M. Gontsarik, J. Kutter, J. Lafleur, A. Labrador, K. Mortensen, A. Yaghmur, “Direct monitoring of calcium-triggered phase transitions in cubosomes using SAXS combined with microfluidics“, J. Appl. Cryst. 2016, 49, 2005-2014.
  46. Gontsarik, M. T. Buhmann, A. Yaghmur, Q. Ren; K. Maniura-Weber, S. Salentinig, "Antimicrobial peptide driven colloidal transformations in liquid crystalline nanocarriers", J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7, 3482–3486.
  47. D. M. Azmi, P. P. Wibroe, L-P Lu, A. I. Kazem, H. Amentisch, S. M. Moghimi, A. Yaghmur, “A Structurally diverse library of safe-by-design citrem-phospholipid lamellar and non-lamellar liquid crystalline nano-assemblies”, J. Control. Rel. 2016, 239, 1–9.
  48. D. Chatzidaki, S. Alexandraki, E.Tsirvouli, Z. Chakim, K. Papadimitriou, K. Mortensen, A. Yaghmur, V. Papadimitriou, E. Tsakalidou, A. Xenakis, “Effect of alcohol on microemulsions used as carriers of nisin for antimicrobial protection: A structural and efficacy study“, Langmuir 2016, 32, 8988−8998.
  49. Martin-Bertelsen, K. S. Korsholm, C. B. R. Roces, M. H. Nielsen, D. Christensen, H. Franzyk, A. Yaghmur, C. Foged, Nano-Self-Assemblies Based on Synthetic Analogues of Mycobacterial Monomycoloyl Glycerol and DDA: Supramolecular Structure and Adjuvant Efficacy, Mol. Pharm. 2016, 13, 2771–2781.
  50. Xiaona, C. Foged , B. Martin-Bertelsen , A. Yaghmur, M. Malmsten, L. Jorgensen, H. Franzyk, H. M. Nielsen, “Delivering siRNA with Palmitoylated α-Peptide/β-Peptoid Cell-Penetrating Peptidomimetics: Membrane Interaction and Structural Characterization of a Lipid-Based Nanocarrier System“, Mol. Pharm. 2016,13 , 1739–1749.
  51. Ye, S. Baldursdottir, S. Hvidt, H. Jensen, S. Larsen, A. Yaghmur, C. Larsen, J. Østergaard, "Role of Electrostatic Interactions on Diffusivity of Drug-Like Molecules in Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid Containing Hydrogel-Based Articular Cartilage Mimics with Implications for Drug Delivery", Mol. Pharm. 2016,13, 819–828.
  52. P. Wibroe, D. Ahmadvand, M. A. Oghabian; A. Yaghmur; S. M. Moghimi, “An Integrated Assessment of Morphology, Size, and Complement Activation of the PEGylated Liposomal Doxorubicin Products Doxil®, Caelyx®, DOXOrubicin, and SinaDoxosome“, J. Control. Rel. 2016, 221, 1–8.
  53. D. M. Azmi, S. M. Moghimi, A. Yaghmur, Cubosomes and hexosomes as versatile platforms for drug delivery, Ther. Deliv. 2015, 6,1347-1364.
  54. P. Wibroe, I. D. M. Azmi, C. Nilsson, A. Yaghmur, S. M. Moghimi, “Citrem Modulates Internal Nanostructure of Glyceryl Monooleate Dispersions and Bypasses Complement Activation: Towards Development of Safe Tunable Intravenous Lipid Nanocarriers“, Nanomedicine 2015, 11, 1909-1914.
  55. Helvig, I. D. M. Azmi, S. M. Moghimi, A. Yaghmur, Recent advances in cryo-TEM imaging of soft lipidic nanoparticles”, AIMS Biophysics 2015, 2, 116-130.
  56. Chatzidaki, E. Mitsou, A. Yaghmur, A. Xenakis, V. Papadimitriou, “Food-grade microemulsions as carriers of natural phenolic antioxidants“, Colloids Surfaces A: Physicochem.  Eng.  Aspects 2015, 483, 130–136.
  57. D. M. Azmi, L. Wu, P. P. Wibroe, C. Nilsson, J. Østergaard, S. Stürup, B. Gammelgaard, A. Urtti, S. M. Moghimi, A. Yaghmur, Modulatory effect of human plasma on the internal nanostructure and size characteristics of liquid crystalline nanocarriers, Langmuir 2015, 31, 5042–5049.
  58. Colombo, D. Cun, K. Remaut, M. Bunker, J. Zhang, B. Martin-Bertelsen, A. Yaghmur, K. Braekmans, H. M. Nielsen, C. Foged Mechanistic profiling of the siRNA delivery dynamics of lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles, J Control. Rel. 2015, 201, 22–31.
  59. Nilsson, S. W. Larsen, J. Østergaard, C. Larsen, A. Urtti, A. Yaghmur, “PEGylation of phytantriol-based lyotropic liquid crystalline particles: The effect of lipid composition, PEG chain length, and temperature on the internal nanostructure“, Langmuir 2014, 30, 6398−6407.
  60. Yaghmur, B. Sartori, M. Rappolt, “Control of lipid structuring by trans- and cis-fatty acids”, Elettra Highlights, Elettra Highlights 2012-2013, 112-113.
  61. Fogh Hedegaard, C. Nilsson, P. Laurinmӓki, S. Butcher, A. Urtti, A. Yaghmur, “Aqueous dispersions of the oil-soluble anionic surfactant citrem interacting with lipids and PEGylated lipids“, RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 24576-24585.
  62. Martin-Bertelsen, K. S. Korsholm, F. Rose, P. Nordly, H. Franzyk, D. Christensen, A. Yaghmur, C. Foged, “Structure-activity relationship for analogues of the mycobacterial lipid adjuvant monomycoloyl glycerol”, RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 20673-20683.
  63. Nilsson, B. Barrios-Lopez, A. Kallinen, P. Laurinmӓki, S. Butcher, M. Raki, K. Bergstrӧm, S. Weng Larsen, J. Østergaard, C. Larsen, A. Urtti, A. Airaksinen, A. Yaghmur, SPECT/CT imaging of radiolabeled cubosomes and hexosomes for potential theranostic applications“, Biomaterials 2013, 34, 8491-8503.
  64. Yaghmur, M. Rappolt, S. W. Larsen, “In situ forming of drug delivery systems based on lyotropic liquid crystalline phases: structural characterization and release properties“, J. Drug Del. Sci. Tech. 2013, 23, 325-332.
  65. W. Larsen, J. Østergaard, A. Yaghmur, H. Jensen, C. Larsen, Use of in vitro release models in the design of sustained and localized drug delivery systems for subcutaneous and intra-articular administration“, Drug Del. Sci. Tech. 2013, 23, 315-324.
  66. Rappolt, F. Cacho-Nerin, C. Morello, A. Yaghmur, “How the chain conformation governs the packing of inverted micelles in cubic Fd3m-phase”, Soft Matter 2013, 9, 6291-6300.
  67. Sagalowicz, S. Guillot, S. Acquistapace, L. de Campo, A. Yaghmur, M. Rouvet, M. E. Leser, O. Glatter, “Influence of vitamin E acetate and other lipids on the phase behavior of unsaturated monoglyceride mesophase”, Langmuir 2013, 29, 8222–8232.
  68. Ye, Y. Xie, H. Jensen, S. Weng Larsen, A. Yaghmur, C. Larsen, and J. Østergaard, “Interaction of amino acid and dipeptide β-naphthylaminie derivatives with hyaluronic acid and human serum albumin studied by capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis”, Chromatographia 2013, 76, 49-57.
  69. Ye, S. W. Larsen, A. Yaghmur, H. Jensen, C. Larsen, and J. Østergaard, “Drug release and transport in hydrogel-based subcutaneous surrogate studied by UV imaging“, JPBA 2012, 71, 27–34.
  70. Yaghmur, M. Rappolt, “Structural characterization of lipidic systems under non-equilibrium conditions“, Eur. Biophys. J. 2012, 41, 831-840.
  71. Nilsson, K. Edwards, S. W. Larsen, J. Østergaard, C. Larsen, A. Urtti, A. Yaghmur, “Characterization of oil-free and oil-loaded lipidic liquid crystalline particles stabilized by the negatively charged stabilizer citrem“, Langmuir 2012, 28, 11755–11766.
  72. Yaghmur, B. Sartori, M. Rappolt, “Self-assembled nanostructures of fully hydrated monoelaidin-elaidic acid and monoelaidin-oleic acid systems”, Langmuir 2012, 28, 10105-10119.
  73. Yaghmur, M. Rappolt, J. Østergaard, C. Larsen, S. W. Larsen, “Characterization of bupivacaine-loaded formulations based on liquid crystalline phases and microemulsions: The effect of lipid composition”, Langmuir 2012, 28, 2881–2889.
  74. Ye, S. W. Larsen, A. Yaghmur, H. Jensen, C. Larsen, J. Østergaard, “Real-time UV imaging of piroxicam diffusion and distribution from oil solutions into gels mimicking the subcutaneous matrix“, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2012, 46, 72-78.
  75. Ye, H. Jensen, S. W. Larsen, A. Yaghmur, C. Larsen, J. Østergaard, “Measurement of Drug Diffusivities in Pharmaceutical Solvents Using Taylor Dispersion Analysis“, JPBA 2012, 61, 176–183.
  76. Yaghmur, S. W. Larsen, M. Schmitt, J. Østergaard, C. Larsen, H. Jensen, A. Urtti, M. Rappolt, “In situ characterization of lipidic bupivacaine-loaded formulations”, Soft Matter 2011, 7, 8291-8295.
  77. Ye, A. Yaghmur, H. Jensen, S. W. Larsen, C. Larsen, J. Østergaard, “Real-time UV imaging of drug diffusion and release from Pluronic F127 hydrogel“, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 43, 236–243.
  78. Yaghmur, B. Sartori, M. Rappolt, “The role of calcium ions in membrane condensation and spontaneous curvature variations in model lipidic system”, PCCP 2011, 13, 3115–3125.
  79. Østergaard, F. Ye, J. Rantanen, A. Yaghmur, S. W. Larsen, C. Larsen, H. Jensen, “Monitoring lidocaine single-crystal dissolution by ultraviolet imaging“, J. Pharma. Sci. 2011, 100, 3405-3410.
  80. Paasonen, T. Sipilä, A. Subrizi, P. Laurinmäki, S. J. Butcher, M. Rappolt, A. Yaghmur, A. Urtti, M. Yliperttula, “Gold-embedded photosensitive liposomes for drug delivery: Triggering mechanism and intracellular release”, J control. Rel. 2010, 147, 136–143.
  81. Yaghmur, L. Paasonen, M. Yliperttula, A. Urtti, M. Rappolt, “Structural elucidation of light activated vesicles”, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 962–966.
  82. Yaghmur, M. Kriechbaum, H. Amenitsch, M. Steinhart, P. Laggner, M. Rappolt, “The effects of pressure and temperature on the self-assembled fully hydrated nanostructures of monoolein-oil systems”, Langmuir 2010, 26, 1177–1185.
  83. Larsen, S.W. Larsen, H. Jensen, A. Yaghmur, J. Østergaard, “Role of in vitro release models in formulation development and quality control of parenteral depots”, Expert Opin. Drug Del. 2009, 6, 1283-1295.
  84. Yaghmur, O. Glatter, “Characterization and potential applications of nanostructured aqueous dispersions”, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 147-148, 333-342.
  85. Yaghmur, P. Laggner, M. Almgren, M. Rappolt, “Self-assembly in aqueous dispersions: Direct vesicles to cubosomes transition”, PLoS ONE 2008, 3, e3747.
  86. Salentinig, A. Yaghmur, S. Guillot, O. Glatter, “Preparation of highly concentrated nanostructured dispersions of controlled size”, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2008, 326, 211-220.
  87. Yaghmur, P. Laggner, B. Sartori, M. Rappolt, “Calcium triggered La-H2 phase transition monitored by combined rapid mixing and time-resolved synchrotron SAXS”, PLoS ONE 2008, 3, e2072.
  88. Yaghmur, P. Laggner, S. Zhang, M. Rappolt, “Tuning curvature and stability of monoolein bilayers by short surfactant-like designer peptides”, PLoS ONE 2007, 2, e479.
  89. Yaghmur, L. de Campo, L. Sagalowicz, M. E. Leser, O. Glatter, “Control of the internal structure of MLO-based isasomes by the addition of diglycerol monooleate (DGMO) and soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC)”, Langmuir 2006, 22, 9919-9927.
  90. Sagalowicz, M. Michel, M. Adrian, P. Frossard, M. Rouvet, H. J. Watzke, A. Yaghmur, L. de Campo, O. Glatter, M. E. Leser, “A cryo-TEM study of the crystallographic structure and morphology of dispersed monoglyceride self-assembly structures”, J. Microsc. 2006, 221, 110-121.
  91. Yaghmur, L. de Campo, S. Salentinig, L. Sagalowicz, M. E. Leser, O. Glatter, “Oil-loaded monolinolein-based particles with confined inverse discontinuous cubic structure (Fd3m) ”, Langmuir 2006, 22, 517-521.
  92. Bryskhe, K. Schillén, U. Olsson, A. Yaghmur, O. Glatter, “Formation of triblock copolymer nanoparticles with an internal structure”, Langmuir 2005, 21, 8597-8600.
  93. Yaghmur, L. de Campo, L. Sagalowicz, M. E. Leser, O. Glatter, “Emulsified microemulsions and oil-containing liquid crystalline phases”, Langmuir 2005, 21, 569-577.
  94. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, A. Abbas, N. Garti “Reactivity of furfural-cysteine model reaction in food grade five-component nonionic microemulsions”. Colloids and Surfaces A 2005, 253, 223-234.
  95. de Campo, A. Yaghmur, L. Sagalowicz, O. Glatter, “Reversible phase transition in emulsified nano-structured lipid systems”, Langmuir 2004, 20, 5254-5261.
  96. Garti, I. Zakharia, A. Spernath, A. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, R. E. Hoffman, L. Jacobs “Solubilization of water-insoluble nutraceuticals in nonionic microemulsions for water-based use”. Prog. Colloid Poly. Sci. 2004, 126, 184-189.
  97. Yaghmur , L. de Campo, O. Glatter, M. E. Leser, N. Garti “Structural characterization of five-component food grade oil-in-water nonionic microemulsions”. PCCP 2004, 6, 1524-1533.
  98. de Campo, A. Yaghmur, N. Garti, M. E. Leser, O. Glatter “Food-grade microemulsions: structural characterization by SANS”. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 274, 251-267.
  99. Garti, A. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, A. Spernath, R. Elfakess, S. Ezrahi “Solubilization of active molecules in microemulsions for improved solubilization, and environmental protection”, Colloids Surfaces A 2004, 230, 183-190.
  100. Garti, I. Amar, A. Yaghmur, A. Spernath “Interfacial modification and structural transitions induced by guest molecules solubilized in U-type nonionic food-grade microemulsions”. J. Disper. Sci. Technol. 2003, 24, 397-410.
  101. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, B. Antalek, N. Garti “Microstructure of five-component food grade oil-in-water microemulsions by PGSE-NMR, conductivity, and viscosity”, Langmuir 2003, 19, 1063-1068.
  102. Spernath, A. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, R. E. Hoffman, N. Garti “Phytosterols solubilization capacity and microstructure transitions in Winsor IV food-grade microemulsions studied by Self-Diffusion NMR”, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 2359-2364.
  103. Mukhopadhyay, A. Yaghmur, M. Baidossi, B. Kundu, Y. Sasson “Highly chemoselective heterogeneous Pd-catalyzed biaryl synthesis from haloarenes: reaction in an oil-in-water microemulsion”. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2003, 7, 641-643.
  104. Spernath, A. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, R. E. Hoffman, N. Garti “Food grade microemulsions based on nonionic emulsifiers: Media to enhance lycopene solubilization”, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 6917-6922.
  105. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, I. Tiunova, N. Garti “Structural behavior of nonionic surfactants in the presence of propylene glycol in nonionic microemulsions studied by DSC”, J. Thermal Anal. Cal. 2002, 69, 163-177.
  106. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, N. Garti “Phase behavior of microemulsions based on food-grade nonionic surfactants: Effect of polyols and short-chain alcohols”, Colloids Surfaces A 2002, 209, 71-81.
  107. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, N. Garti “Furfural – cysteine model reaction in food-grade nonionic O/W microemulsions for selective flavor formation”, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 2878-2883.
  108. Garti, A. Yaghmur, M. E. Leser, V. Clement, H. J. Watzke, “Improved oil solubilization in O/W food-grade microemulsions in the presence of polyols and ethanol”, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 2552-2562.
  109. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, Y. Mizrahi, A. Nerd, N. Garti, “Evaluation of argan oil for deep-fat frying”, Food Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 124-130.
  110. Mukhopadhyay, A. Yaghmur, A. Benichou, Y. Sasson, “Homogeneous RuCl2(PPh3)3-catalyzed regioselective liquid-phase transfer hydrogenation of carbon-carbon double bond in chlorobenzylidene ketones with ethylene glycol as hydrogen donor”, Org. Process Res. Dev. 2000, 4, 571-574.
  111. Yaghmur, A. Aserin, Y. Mizrahi, A. Nerd, N. Garti, “Argan oil-in-water emulsions: preparation and stabilization”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1999, 76, 15-18.

Patents

A. Yaghmur, L. de Campo, L. Sagalowicz, M. E. Leser, O. Glatter, M. Michel, and H. J. Watzke “Oil-in-water emulsion for delivery of active compounds, e.g. flavor and vitamins, comprises oil droplets exhibiting nano-sized structure containing hydrophilic domains and formed by lipophilic additive”, Patent number(s): EP1598060-A1; WO2005110370-A1; EP1758556-A1; AU2005244443-A1; CN1953735-A; US2007213234-A1; BR200510147-A; JP2007538040-W.

Book Chapters & Proceedings:

1. A. Yaghmur, “Nanoencapsulation of Food Ingredients by Cubosomes and Hexosomes, In:“Lipid-Based Nanostructures for Food Encapsulation Purposes”, S. M. Jafari (ed.), Elsevier Book Series, 2019, Vol. 2, Chapter 12, pp. 483-522.

2. I. D. M. Azmi and A. Yaghmur, “Influence of Oleic Acid on Self-Assembled Nanostructures”, In: “Oleic Acid: Production, Uses and Potential Health Effects“, Nova Science Publishers, 2014, Chapter 2, pp. 9-34.

3. A. Yaghmur, J. Østergaard, S. W. Larsen, H. Jensen; C. Larsen, and M. Rappolt, “Drug Formulations Based on Self-Assembled Liquid Crystalline Nanostructures”, In: “Liposomes, Lipid Bilayers and Model Membranes: From Basic Research to Technology”, J. Katsaras, N. Kucerka, M.-P. Nieh, and G. Pabst (eds.), Francis and Taylor, 2014, Chapter 16, pp. 341-360.

4. A. Yaghmur and M. Rappolt, “The Micellar Cubic Fd3m Phase: Recent Advances in Structural Characterization and Potential Applications”, In: “Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes”, A. Igles (ed.), Elsevier Book Series, 2013, Vol. 18, Chapter 5, pp. 111-145.

5. A. Yaghmur, and O. Glatter, “Self Assembly in Lipidic Particles”, Novel Mesophases and Architectures, John Wiley & Sons, N. Garti,P. Somasundaran, R. Mezzenga (eds.), 2012, Chapter 5, pp. 129-155.

6. A. Yaghmur, M. Rappolt, “Recent Advances in the Characterization of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers”, In: Nano-architectures for solubilization and delivery, N. Garti and I. Yuli-Amar, 2011, DEStech Publications,Lancaster, pp 187-208.

7. A. Yaghmur, M. Rappolt, “Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles as Drug Nanocarriers”, In: Colloids in Drug Delivery, M. Fanun (ed.) 2010, Taylor and Francis Group LLC, Chapter 14, pp. 337-353

8. A. Yaghmur, L. de Campo, and O. Glatter, “Formation and Characterization of Emulsified Microemulsions”, In: Microemulsions: Properties and Applications, M. Fanun (ed.) 2008, Chapter 7, pp. 185-201, Surfactant Science Series: Taylor and Francis/CRC Press.

9.  S. Guillot, A. Yaghmur, L. de Campo, S. Salentinig, L. Sagalowicz, M. E. Leser, M. Michel, H. J. Watzke, and O. Glatter, “Self-Assembled Liquid Particles: How to Modulate their Internal Structure?”, In: “Montreux conference proceedings” 2007, Chapter 5, pp. 69-85.

10. A. Yaghmur, M. Fanun, A. Aserin, and N. Garti, “Food Grade Microemulsions Based on Nonionic Emulsifiers as Microreactors for Selective Flavor Formation by Maillard Reaction”, In: “Self-Assembly”, B. H. Robinson 2003, pp. 144-151.

Science News for General Public:

A. Yaghmur, “Designing New Drug Nanocarriers”: http://www.scitizen.com/

 

Keywords

  • Former Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • nanostructured aqueous dispersions, cubosomes, hexosomes, SAXS, structural characterization, self-assembled systems
  • drug nanocarriers, microemulsions
  • emulsified microemulsions
  • cryo-TEM
  • Liquid crystalline phases

Collaborations and top research areas from the last five years

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