Personal profile
Short presentation
Dr Sorcha MacLeod is an Associate Professor in the Centre for Private Governance (CEPRI) in the Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen. She is Principal Investigator of the MERCURY project 'Mercenarism and the Accountability Void: Finding routes to accountability and remedy for the victims of human rights abuses perpetrated by mercenaries' funded by a €2M, 5-year ERC Consolidator Grant. She specialises in business, human rights and security, in particular the human rights impacts and regulation of Private Military and Security Companies and mercenaries.
She was a Marie Skłodowska Curie Individual Fellow and Associate Professor in CEPRI 2019-2022 for her project RESpECT 'Public Actions, Private Rules at the Margins: Ensuring Respect for Human Rights by Private Security Companies.' She holds a PhD from the University of Glasgow, UK, and an LLM in International Natural Resources Law and LLB (Hons) in Scots Law from the University of Dundee, UK.
Sorcha is an experienced teacher and postgraduate supervisor in international human rights law, business and human rights, private military and security companies, mercenaries and the privatisation of war. She joined CEPRI in October 2019 from Berlin, Germany where she taught at the Hertie School of Governance and Free University Berlin, including courses in: International Human Rights Law; Human Rights, Business and Gender; and Privatisation of War. Prior to that, she was a lecturer in international human rights law, public international law and international legal theory at the School of Law, University of Sheffield, UK.
Between 2018-24 she was a member of the United Nations Working Group on the use of Mercenaries under the Human Rights Council's Special Procedures. She is an Adjunct at the Centre for Fundamental Rights, Hertie School Berlin and a Visiting Fellow at DCAF - Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance.
She is an invited expert to the UN Open-ended Inter-governmental Working Group on private military and security companies and participated in the drafting of the Montreux Document on private military and security companies and the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers. She has Observer Status at the International Code of Conduct Association. In 2022 she was invited to become a member of ICoCA’s academic expert Advisory Group on responsible security. She advises governments, industry and civil society organisations on business, human rights, and security issues.
Research Projects
2024-29 ERC Consolidator Grant, 'MERCURY - Mercenarism and the Accountability Void: Finding routes to accountability and remedy for the victims of human rights abuses perpetrated by mercenaries.' 5 year project, €2M (PI) (MERCURY)
2023-24 NATO Science for Peace and Security Advanced Research Workshop, 'Addressing systemic legal and policy challenges of mercenaries and related actors in contemporary armed conflicts: Beyond the Wagner Group' in collaboration with DCAF-Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. 50 multistakeholder participants from NATO Member States, academia, international organisations, and civil society. (PI)
2019-22 Marie Skłodowska Curie Action IF 'RESpECT - Public Actions, Private Rules at the Margins: Ensuring Respect for Human Rights by Private Security Companies' (PI) (RESpECT)
2013 – 16 UK Economic and Social Research Council Seminar Series, ‘From Rhetoric to Practice: Implementing the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights’ (PI)
2014 – 15 Innovation, Impact and Knowledge (IIKE) Collaborative Research and Development Partnership Award, 'Socialisation and Internalisation of Human Rights in Private Military and Security Companies,' University of Sheffield (PI)
2008 – 11 EU FP7, 'PRIV-WAR: Regulating Privatisation of ‘War’: the Role of the EU in Assuring Compliance with International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights,' (CI)
Primary fields of research
- Mercenaries
- Private military and security companies
- Privatisation of war
- Business and human rights
- International human rights law
- Human rights and gender
CV
Education
PhD, University of Glasgow (UK)
LLM in International Natural Resources Law and Policy, Centre for Petroleum & Mineral Law & Policy, University of Dundee (UK). Recipient of the Petroleum and Mineral Law Education Trust LLM Scholarship.
Diploma in Legal Practice, University of Dundee (UK)
LLB (Hons), University of Dundee (UK)
Employment
2019-22 University of Copenhagen (DK) MSCA Individual Fellow and Associate Professor
2018-to date Hertie School Berlin (DE) Adjunct
2016-19 Free University Berlin (DE) Visiting Professor
2001-16 University of Sheffield (UK) Lecturer in Law
Education/Academic qualification
Scots Law, LLB(Hons), University of Dundee
Legal Practice, Diploma in Legal Practice, University of Dundee
International Natural Resources Law and Policy, LLM, University of Dundee
Public International Law/international human rights law/business and human rights, PhD, Towards Normative Transformation: Re-conceptualising Business and Human Rights, University of Glasgow
External positions
Visiting Fellow, DCAF - Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance
1 Oct 2024 → 30 Sept 2026
Trustee, British Institute of International and Comparative Law
1 Sept 2021 → 31 Aug 2028
Adjunct, Hertie School of Governance
Sept 2018 → …
Independent Human Rights Expert, UN Working Group on the use of Mercenaries
1 Aug 2018 → 31 Jul 2024
Guest lecturer, Justus Liebig University Giessen
2016 → …
Keywords
- Faculty of Law
- Human Rights Law
- Regulation
- Private Military Companies
- Private Security Companies
- Private Military and Security Companies
- Mercenaries
- Public International Law
- Business and Human Rights
- Human rights and gender
Collaborations and top research areas from the last five years
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Certifying Private Security Companies: Effectively Ensuring the Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights?
MacLeod, S. & DeWinter-Schmitt, R., 2019, In: Business and Human Rights Journal. 4, 1, p. 55-77Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
Open Access6 Citations (Scopus) -
Relationship between private military and security companies and the extractive industry from a human rights perspective, Report of the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination, A/HRC/42/42
UN Working Group on the use of mercenaries, 29 Jul 2019, United Nations Publications. 19 p.Research output: Book/Report › Report › Research
Open AccessFile102 Downloads (Pure) -
Report of the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination: the gendered human rights impacts of private military and security companies, A/74/244
MacLeod, S. & UN Working Group on the use of mercenaries, 29 Jul 2019, United Nations Publications. 23 p.Research output: Book/Report › Report › Research
Open AccessFile104 Downloads (Pure) -
Defining private security accountability
MacLeod, S., 2017, Whose Responsibility?: Reflections on Accountability in private security governance . Klopfer, F. & Van Amstel, N. (eds.). Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed ForcesResearch output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Report chapter › Research
File135 Downloads (Pure) -
Regulating human rights in the context of outsourcing military logistics and armed security
MacLeod, S., 2016, The Routledge Companion to Outsourcing Security: The Role of the Market in the 21st Century. Berndtsson, J. & Kinsey, C. (eds.). Routledge, p. 160-170 (Routledge Handbooks).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Book chapter › Research › peer-review
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Private Security Companies and Shared Responsibility: The Turn to Multistakeholder Standard-Setting and Monitoring Through Self-Regulation-‘Plus’’
MacLeod, S., 2015, In: Netherlands International Law Review. 62, 1Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
Open AccessFile17 Citations (Scopus)96 Downloads (Pure) -
The Role of International Regulatory Initiatives on Business and Human Rights for Holding Private Military and Security Companies to Account
MacLeod, S., 2011, War by Contract: Human Rights, Humanitarian Law, and Private Contractors . Francioni, F. & Ronzitti, N. (eds.). Oxford University Press, p. 343-361Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Book chapter › Research › peer-review
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Stuck In The Middle With You? : Alternative Approaches To Realising Accountability For Human Rights Violations By Business
MacLeod, S., 2010, International Law and Dispute Settlement: New Problems and Techniques. French, D., Saul, M. & White, N. (eds.). Hart Publishing, p. 87-107Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Book chapter › Research › peer-review
1 Citation (Scopus)
Activities
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UN Open-Ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Private Military and Security Companies - Intersessional Meeting
MacLeod, S. (Participant)
1 Dec 2025 → 3 Dec 2025Activity: Participating in an event - types › Participation in workshop, seminar, course
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Words into Action: The Future of Security Sector Governance
MacLeod, S. (Participant)
27 Nov 2025Activity: Participating in an event - types › Organisation of and participation in conference
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The Multilateral Order in Turmoil and International Challenges – PMSC and Mercenaries
MacLeod, S. (Invited speaker)
26 Nov 2025Activity: Talk or presentation types › Lecture and oral contribution
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Mercenarism and the Accountability Void: Finding Routes to Accountability and Remedy for the Victims of Human Rights Violations Perpetrated by Mercenaries
MacLeod, S. (Organizer) & MacLeod, S. (Speaker)
9 Oct 2025Activity: Participating in an event - types › Organisation of and participation in conference
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A MERCURY Panel Discussion of the ERC-funded project Mercenarism and the Accountability Void: Finding routes to accountability and remedy for the victims of human rights abuses perpetrated by mercenaries (MERCURY)
Ravn, S. A. (Panel member), MacLeod, S. (Panel member), Huszti-Orbán, K. (Panel member), Lloydd, M. (Panel member) & Walker, S. (Panel member)
9 Oct 2025Activity: Talk or presentation types › Lecture and oral contribution
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Presentation of MERCURY project to the International Law Interest Group
Ravn, S. A. (Speaker) & MacLeod, S. (Speaker)
24 Sept 2025Activity: Talk or presentation types › Lecture and oral contribution
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UiO International Law Interest Group Seminar, University of Oslo
MacLeod, S. (Invited speaker)
24 Sept 2025Activity: Participating in an event - types › Participation in workshop, seminar, course
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Marnie Lloydd
MacLeod, S. (Host)
22 Sept 2025 → 10 Oct 2025Activity: Hosting a visitor types › Hosting an academic visitor
Press/Media
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Обіцяє нове життя, а повертає в пакетах: як росія вербує найманців (Promises a new life, but returns them in bags: how Russia recruits mercenaries)
08/01/2026
1 Media contribution
Press/Media: Press / Media
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‘Preying on Instability’ Private Military Companies Cast a Shadow Across the Continent
11/08/2025
1 Media contribution
Press/Media: Press / Media
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“Dinheiro e uma nova carreira”: o que leva os mercenários chineses a arriscar a vida pela Rússia na guerra contra a Ucrânia
20/04/2025
1 Media contribution
Press/Media: Press / Media
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Russian ships return to Syrian base ahead of expected withdrawal
23/01/2025
1 Media contribution
Press/Media: Press / Media
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Newshour - Russian mercenaries and influence in Africa
10/11/2024
1 Media contribution
Press/Media: Press / Media
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Tanzanie : critique des liens entre la minière canadienne Barrick Gold et la police
14/10/2024
1 Media contribution
Press/Media: Press / Media
Prizes
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DANWISE Prize 2022
MacLeod, S. (Recipient), Muhr, S. L. (Recipient), Plotnikof, M. (Recipient), Skewes, L. (Recipient), Andersen, A. C. (Recipient), Myers, E. S. (Recipient), Krøjer, J. (Recipient), Munar, A. M. (Recipient), de Coninck-Smith, N. (Recipient), Sauzet, S. (Recipient), Bull Christiansen, L. (Recipient), Jess, T. (Recipient), Richey, L. A. (Recipient), Andersen, H. (Recipient), Nielsen, M. L. (Recipient), Husted, M. (Recipient), Breum Amhøj , C. (Recipient) & Einersen, A. F. (Recipient), 2022
Prize: Prizes, scholarships, distinctions