A Meta-Analysis of Lung Weight in Drowning Deaths

Alexander Helal Stanikzai, Johannes Rødbro Busch*, Jytte Banner, Carl Johan Wingren

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articleResearchpeer-review

Abstract

Diagnosing drowning as a cause of death remains complex in forensic pathology, demanding integration of autopsy findings, contextual evidence, and case-specific variables. This study systematically reviews literature on lung weights in adult drowning cases, analyzing data from 20 studies to evaluate lung weight as an evidentiary factor in the diagnosis of drowning deaths. Additionally, this study seeks to examine the impact of covariates such as water salinity (freshwater vs. saltwater) and sex differences on lung weight in drownings deaths. Our meta-analysis examines the weighted average mean and median lung weights, comparing 3010 drowning cases with 1494 controls. We observed significantly higher lung weights in drowning cases compared to controls, with an observed mean difference of 243 g (95% CI: 217 – 263 g, p < 0.001). Differences in lung weight across cases indicate that factors such as water salinity and sex are associated with the weight of the lungs. However, guidelines for how to interpret lung weight in the medico-legal assessment of cause of death in a specific case is still elusive, since the variation in lung weight is relatively large. Recommendations for future research is to include a standardized reporting of lung weight in categories of age, body size and sex, and to include appropriate control groups to improve the accuracy of drowning diagnosis.
Original languageEnglish
Article number112376
JournalForensic Science International
Volume367
ISSN0379-0738
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2025

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