TY - JOUR
T1 - A Meta-Analysis of Lung Weight in Drowning Deaths
AU - Helal Stanikzai, Alexander
AU - Busch, Johannes Rødbro
AU - Banner, Jytte
AU - Wingren, Carl Johan
PY - 2025
Y1 - 2025
N2 - Diagnosing drowning as a cause of death remains complex in forensic pathology, demanding integration of autopsy findings, contextual evidence, and case-specific variables. This study systematically reviews literature on lung weights in adult drowning cases, analyzing data from 20 studies to evaluate lung weight as an evidentiary factor in the diagnosis of drowning deaths. Additionally, this study seeks to examine the impact of covariates such as water salinity (freshwater vs. saltwater) and sex differences on lung weight in drownings deaths. Our meta-analysis examines the weighted average mean and median lung weights, comparing 3010 drowning cases with 1494 controls. We observed significantly higher lung weights in drowning cases compared to controls, with an observed mean difference of 243 g (95% CI: 217 – 263 g, p < 0.001). Differences in lung weight across cases indicate that factors such as water salinity and sex are associated with the weight of the lungs. However, guidelines for how to interpret lung weight in the medico-legal assessment of cause of death in a specific case is still elusive, since the variation in lung weight is relatively large. Recommendations for future research is to include a standardized reporting of lung weight in categories of age, body size and sex, and to include appropriate control groups to improve the accuracy of drowning diagnosis.
AB - Diagnosing drowning as a cause of death remains complex in forensic pathology, demanding integration of autopsy findings, contextual evidence, and case-specific variables. This study systematically reviews literature on lung weights in adult drowning cases, analyzing data from 20 studies to evaluate lung weight as an evidentiary factor in the diagnosis of drowning deaths. Additionally, this study seeks to examine the impact of covariates such as water salinity (freshwater vs. saltwater) and sex differences on lung weight in drownings deaths. Our meta-analysis examines the weighted average mean and median lung weights, comparing 3010 drowning cases with 1494 controls. We observed significantly higher lung weights in drowning cases compared to controls, with an observed mean difference of 243 g (95% CI: 217 – 263 g, p < 0.001). Differences in lung weight across cases indicate that factors such as water salinity and sex are associated with the weight of the lungs. However, guidelines for how to interpret lung weight in the medico-legal assessment of cause of death in a specific case is still elusive, since the variation in lung weight is relatively large. Recommendations for future research is to include a standardized reporting of lung weight in categories of age, body size and sex, and to include appropriate control groups to improve the accuracy of drowning diagnosis.
U2 - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112376
DO - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112376
M3 - Journal article
VL - 367
JO - Forensic Science International
JF - Forensic Science International
SN - 0379-0738
M1 - 112376
ER -