Association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and body mass index in the Inter99 study: Is underreporting a problem?

Cathrine Lau*, Ulla Toft, Inge Tetens, Bjørn Richelsen, Torben Jørgensen, Knut Borch-Johnsen, Charlotte Glümer

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articleResearchpeer-review

42 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Background: The few studies examining the potential associations between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and body mass index (BMI) have provided no clear pictures. Underreporting of energy intake may be one explanation for this. Objective: We examined the associations between GI, GL, and BMI by focusing on the confounding factor of total energy intake and the effect of exclusion of low energy reporters (LERs). Design: This was a cross-sectional study of 6334 subjects aged 30-60 y. Dietary intake was estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire. GI and GL were estimated by using white bread as the reference food. Underreporting of energy intake was assessed as reported energy intake divided by basal metabolic rate (EI/BMR); LERs were defined as those having an EI/BMR < 1.14. Univariate and multiple linear regression models were used to test for associations between GI, GL, and BMI. The confounders were sex, age, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, and energy intake. All analyses were conducted on 1) the entire population and 2) a sub-sample excluding LERs. Results: In the univariate analyses of the entire population, GL was inversely associated with BMI. No association was observed for GI. After full adjustment (including energy intake), both GI and GL were positively associated with BMI. When LERs were excluded, GL was positively associated with BMI in all analyses, and GI was positively associated with BMI in the multiple analyses. Conclusions: We showed a positive association between GI, GL, and BMI. Energy adjustment and the exclusion of LERs significantly affected the results of the analysis; thus, we stress the importance of energy adjustment.

Original languageEnglish
Book seriesAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume84
Issue number3
Pages (from-to)641-645
Number of pages5
ISSN0002-9165
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2006
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • BMI
  • Glycemic index
  • Glycemic load
  • Population-based study
  • Underreporting

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