Catalytic Fabric Recycling: Glycolysis of Blended PET with Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia

Yang Yang; Shriaya Sharma; Carlo Di Bernardo; Elisa Rossi; Rodrigo Lima; Fadhil S. Kamounah; Margarita Poderyte; Kasper Enemark-Rasmussen; Gianluca Ciancaleoni; Ji Woong Lee

doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03114

Catalytic Fabric Recycling: Glycolysis of Blended PET with Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia

Yang Yang, Shriaya Sharma, Carlo Di Bernardo, Elisa Rossi, Rodrigo Lima, Fadhil S. Kamounah, Margarita Poderyte, Kasper Enemark-Rasmussen, Gianluca Ciancaleoni^*, Ji Woong Lee

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Chemistry

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

17 Citations (Scopus)

5 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

The ubiquity of nonbiodegradable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) materials has led to significant waste management challenges. Although PET plastics can be recycled, blended materials, such as PET/cotton fabrics, complicate the recycling process due to the labile glycosidic bonds in cotton. In this study, we present a practical and scalable approach for recycling of PET and PET/cotton interwoven fabrics via catalytic glycolysis with ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃), which decomposed to ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. This catalytic approach outperformed conventional acid/base and metal catalysis in selectively recovering and upcycling cotton-based materials. We demonstrated the large-scale recovery of textile from blended fabrics (up to 213 g), showcasing the advantages of traceless catalysis using ammonia and CO₂ from ammonium bicarbonate. Owing to our metal-free reaction conditions, high-purity bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) was obtained which was thermally repolymerized to PET. Through thermal analysis, kinetics, and control experiments, we show that ammonia and CO₂ are crucial for achieving optimal glycolysis via transesterification. Our method offered a traceless, environmentally friendly, and practical approach for polyester recycling and cotton recovery, representing a significant step toward sustainable, closed-loop production of plastics and textiles.

Original language	English
Journal	ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering
Volume	11
Issue number	30
Pages (from-to)	11294-11304
Number of pages	11
ISSN	2168-0485
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03114
Publication status	Published - 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This paper is dedicated to the Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, on the occasion of its 70th anniversary. The generous support from the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, the Carlsberg Foundation (CF21-0308), NNF CO Research Center (CORC), and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF20OC0064347) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Prof. Troels Skrydstrup for the fruitful discussion on depolymerization and Dr. Theis Brock-Nannestad, Christian Tortzen, and Prof. Pernille Harris for the analysis and acquisition of optical microscope images. The NMR Center • DTU and the Villum Foundation are acknowledged for allowing us access to the 600 MHz spectrometer. We acknowledge Prof. Heloisa Nunes Bordallo and CPHarma, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, for the access to TGA and DSC measurements. We also thank our analytical departments for their kind support. 2

Funding Information:
This paper is dedicated to the Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, on the occasion of its 70th anniversary. The generous support from the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, the Carlsberg Foundation (CF21-0308), NNF CO2 Research Center (CORC), and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF20OC0064347) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Prof. Troels Skrydstrup for the fruitful discussion on depolymerization and Dr. Theis Brock-Nannestad, Christian Tortzen, and Prof. Pernille Harris for the analysis and acquisition of optical microscope images. The NMR Center • DTU and the Villum Foundation are acknowledged for allowing us access to the 600 MHz spectrometer. We acknowledge Prof. Heloisa Nunes Bordallo and CPHarma, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, for the access to TGA and DSC measurements. We also thank our analytical departments for their kind support.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 American Chemical Society.

Keywords

carbon dioxide
fabric
glycolysis
plastic
polyethylene terephthalates

Access to Document

10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03114

FulltextAccepted author manuscript, 715 KBLicence: Unspecified

Cite this

Catalytic Fabric Recycling : Glycolysis of Blended PET with Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia. / Yang, Yang; Sharma, Shriaya; Di Bernardo, Carlo; Rossi, Elisa; Lima, Rodrigo; Kamounah, Fadhil S.; Poderyte, Margarita; Enemark-Rasmussen, Kasper; Ciancaleoni, Gianluca; Lee, Ji Woong.

In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 30, 2023, p. 11294-11304.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Yang, Yang ; Sharma, Shriaya ; Di Bernardo, Carlo ; Rossi, Elisa ; Lima, Rodrigo ; Kamounah, Fadhil S. ; Poderyte, Margarita ; Enemark-Rasmussen, Kasper ; Ciancaleoni, Gianluca ; Lee, Ji Woong. / Catalytic Fabric Recycling : Glycolysis of Blended PET with Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia. In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 2023 ; Vol. 11, No. 30. pp. 11294-11304.

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abstract = "The ubiquity of nonbiodegradable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) materials has led to significant waste management challenges. Although PET plastics can be recycled, blended materials, such as PET/cotton fabrics, complicate the recycling process due to the labile glycosidic bonds in cotton. In this study, we present a practical and scalable approach for recycling of PET and PET/cotton interwoven fabrics via catalytic glycolysis with ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), which decomposed to ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. This catalytic approach outperformed conventional acid/base and metal catalysis in selectively recovering and upcycling cotton-based materials. We demonstrated the large-scale recovery of textile from blended fabrics (up to 213 g), showcasing the advantages of traceless catalysis using ammonia and CO2 from ammonium bicarbonate. Owing to our metal-free reaction conditions, high-purity bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) was obtained which was thermally repolymerized to PET. Through thermal analysis, kinetics, and control experiments, we show that ammonia and CO2 are crucial for achieving optimal glycolysis via transesterification. Our method offered a traceless, environmentally friendly, and practical approach for polyester recycling and cotton recovery, representing a significant step toward sustainable, closed-loop production of plastics and textiles.",

keywords = "carbon dioxide, fabric, glycolysis, plastic, polyethylene terephthalates",

author = "Yang Yang and Shriaya Sharma and {Di Bernardo}, Carlo and Elisa Rossi and Rodrigo Lima and Kamounah, {Fadhil S.} and Margarita Poderyte and Kasper Enemark-Rasmussen and Gianluca Ciancaleoni and Lee, {Ji Woong}",

note = "Funding Information: This paper is dedicated to the Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, on the occasion of its 70th anniversary. The generous support from the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, the Carlsberg Foundation (CF21-0308), NNF CO Research Center (CORC), and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF20OC0064347) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Prof. Troels Skrydstrup for the fruitful discussion on depolymerization and Dr. Theis Brock-Nannestad, Christian Tortzen, and Prof. Pernille Harris for the analysis and acquisition of optical microscope images. The NMR Center • DTU and the Villum Foundation are acknowledged for allowing us access to the 600 MHz spectrometer. We acknowledge Prof. Heloisa Nunes Bordallo and CPHarma, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, for the access to TGA and DSC measurements. We also thank our analytical departments for their kind support. 2 Funding Information: This paper is dedicated to the Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, on the occasion of its 70th anniversary. The generous support from the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, the Carlsberg Foundation (CF21-0308), NNF CO2 Research Center (CORC), and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF20OC0064347) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Prof. Troels Skrydstrup for the fruitful discussion on depolymerization and Dr. Theis Brock-Nannestad, Christian Tortzen, and Prof. Pernille Harris for the analysis and acquisition of optical microscope images. The NMR Center • DTU and the Villum Foundation are acknowledged for allowing us access to the 600 MHz spectrometer. We acknowledge Prof. Heloisa Nunes Bordallo and CPHarma, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, for the access to TGA and DSC measurements. We also thank our analytical departments for their kind support. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 American Chemical Society.",

year = "2023",

doi = "10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03114",

language = "English",

volume = "11",

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T1 - Catalytic Fabric Recycling

T2 - Glycolysis of Blended PET with Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia

AU - Yang, Yang

AU - Sharma, Shriaya

AU - Di Bernardo, Carlo

AU - Rossi, Elisa

AU - Lima, Rodrigo

AU - Kamounah, Fadhil S.

AU - Poderyte, Margarita

AU - Enemark-Rasmussen, Kasper

AU - Ciancaleoni, Gianluca

AU - Lee, Ji Woong

N1 - Funding Information: This paper is dedicated to the Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, on the occasion of its 70th anniversary. The generous support from the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, the Carlsberg Foundation (CF21-0308), NNF CO Research Center (CORC), and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF20OC0064347) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Prof. Troels Skrydstrup for the fruitful discussion on depolymerization and Dr. Theis Brock-Nannestad, Christian Tortzen, and Prof. Pernille Harris for the analysis and acquisition of optical microscope images. The NMR Center • DTU and the Villum Foundation are acknowledged for allowing us access to the 600 MHz spectrometer. We acknowledge Prof. Heloisa Nunes Bordallo and CPHarma, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, for the access to TGA and DSC measurements. We also thank our analytical departments for their kind support. 2 Funding Information: This paper is dedicated to the Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, on the occasion of its 70th anniversary. The generous support from the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, the Carlsberg Foundation (CF21-0308), NNF CO2 Research Center (CORC), and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF20OC0064347) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Prof. Troels Skrydstrup for the fruitful discussion on depolymerization and Dr. Theis Brock-Nannestad, Christian Tortzen, and Prof. Pernille Harris for the analysis and acquisition of optical microscope images. The NMR Center • DTU and the Villum Foundation are acknowledged for allowing us access to the 600 MHz spectrometer. We acknowledge Prof. Heloisa Nunes Bordallo and CPHarma, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, for the access to TGA and DSC measurements. We also thank our analytical departments for their kind support. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 American Chemical Society.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - The ubiquity of nonbiodegradable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) materials has led to significant waste management challenges. Although PET plastics can be recycled, blended materials, such as PET/cotton fabrics, complicate the recycling process due to the labile glycosidic bonds in cotton. In this study, we present a practical and scalable approach for recycling of PET and PET/cotton interwoven fabrics via catalytic glycolysis with ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), which decomposed to ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. This catalytic approach outperformed conventional acid/base and metal catalysis in selectively recovering and upcycling cotton-based materials. We demonstrated the large-scale recovery of textile from blended fabrics (up to 213 g), showcasing the advantages of traceless catalysis using ammonia and CO2 from ammonium bicarbonate. Owing to our metal-free reaction conditions, high-purity bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) was obtained which was thermally repolymerized to PET. Through thermal analysis, kinetics, and control experiments, we show that ammonia and CO2 are crucial for achieving optimal glycolysis via transesterification. Our method offered a traceless, environmentally friendly, and practical approach for polyester recycling and cotton recovery, representing a significant step toward sustainable, closed-loop production of plastics and textiles.

AB - The ubiquity of nonbiodegradable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) materials has led to significant waste management challenges. Although PET plastics can be recycled, blended materials, such as PET/cotton fabrics, complicate the recycling process due to the labile glycosidic bonds in cotton. In this study, we present a practical and scalable approach for recycling of PET and PET/cotton interwoven fabrics via catalytic glycolysis with ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), which decomposed to ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. This catalytic approach outperformed conventional acid/base and metal catalysis in selectively recovering and upcycling cotton-based materials. We demonstrated the large-scale recovery of textile from blended fabrics (up to 213 g), showcasing the advantages of traceless catalysis using ammonia and CO2 from ammonium bicarbonate. Owing to our metal-free reaction conditions, high-purity bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) was obtained which was thermally repolymerized to PET. Through thermal analysis, kinetics, and control experiments, we show that ammonia and CO2 are crucial for achieving optimal glycolysis via transesterification. Our method offered a traceless, environmentally friendly, and practical approach for polyester recycling and cotton recovery, representing a significant step toward sustainable, closed-loop production of plastics and textiles.

KW - carbon dioxide

KW - fabric

KW - glycolysis

KW - plastic

KW - polyethylene terephthalates

U2 - 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03114

DO - 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03114

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85166767062

VL - 11

SP - 11294

EP - 11304

JO - A C S Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

JF - A C S Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

SN - 2168-0485

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ER -