Causes and Risk Factors of Pediatric Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage — A Systematic Review

Urszula Maria Ciochon*, Julie Bolette Brix Bindslev, Christina Engel Hoei‐hansen, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Vibeke Andrée Larsen, Michael Bachmann Nielsen, Adam Espe Hansen

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReviewResearchpeer-review

10 Citations (Scopus)
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Abstract

Previous studies suggest that the most common cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in children and adolescents is arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). However, an update containing recently published data on pediatric spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages is lacking. The aim of this study is to systematically analyze the published data on the etiologies and risk factors of pediatric spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. This systematic review was performed in compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement. A search in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library was conducted aiming for articles published in year 2000 and later, containing data on etiology and risk factors of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages in unselected cohorts of patients aged between 1 month and 18 years. As a result, forty studies were eligible for data extraction and final analysis. These included 7931 children and adolescents with 4009 reported etiologies and risk factors. A marked variety of reported etiologies and risk factors among studies was observed. Vascular etiologies were the most frequently reported cause of pediatric spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages (n = 1727, 43.08% of all identified etiologies or risk factors), with AVMs being the most common vascular cause (n = 1226, 70.99% of all vascular causes). Hematological and systemic causes, brain tumors, intracranial infections and cardiac causes were less commonly encountered risk factors and etiologies.

Original languageEnglish
Article number1459
JournalDiagnostics
Volume12
Issue number6
Number of pages12
ISSN2075-4418
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2022

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords

  • pediatric acute stroke
  • pediatric hemorrhagic stroke
  • pediatric spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage

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