Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark

Henrik Kleven, Camille Landais, Jakob Egholt Søgaard

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Abstract

Using Danish administrative data, we study the impacts of children on gender inequality in the labor market. The arrival of children creates a long-run gender gap in earnings of around 20 percent driven by hours worked, participation, and wage rates. We identify mechanisms driving these "child penalties" in terms of occupation, sector, and firm choices. We find that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has featured a dramatic increase over the last three to four decades. Finally, we show that child penalties are transmitted through generations, from parents to daughters, suggesting an influence of childhood environment on gender identity.
Original languageEnglish
JournalAmerican Economic Journal: Applied Economics
Volume11
Issue number4
Pages (from-to)181-209
ISSN1945-7782
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Oct 2019

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