Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammatory disease. Smoking is a well-known risk factor for inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the interactive effect of vitamin D deficiency and smoking on inflammation. This study aims to investigate the interaction of vitamin D and smoking with inflammatory markers in the urban elderly.
METHODS: We used data from the Korean Elderly Environmental Panel Study, which began in August 2008 and ended in August 2010, and included 560 Koreans ≥60 years old living in Seoul. Data was collected via questionnaires that included items about smoking status at the first visit. Vitamin D levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) counts were repeatedly measured up to three times.
RESULTS: The association of vitamin D and hs-CRP was significant after adjusting for known confounders (β=-0.080, p=0.041). After separate analysis by smoking status, the association of vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP in smokers was stronger than that in nonsmokers (smokers: β=-0.375, p=0.013; non-smokers: β=-0.060, p=0.150). Smoking status was an effect modifier that changed the association between vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP (interaction estimate: β=-0.254, p=0.032). Vitamin D was not significantly associated with WBC count (β=0.003, p=0.805).
CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with hs-CRP in the urban elderly. Smoking status was an effect modifier of this association. Vitamin D deficiency was not significantly associated with WBC count.
Original language | English |
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Journal | Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health |
Volume | 48 |
Issue number | 5 |
Pages (from-to) | 249-256 |
Number of pages | 8 |
ISSN | 1975-8375 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2015 |
Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2/blood
- Aged
- Biomarkers/blood
- Body Mass Index
- C-Reactive Protein/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Leukocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Smoking
- Urban Population
- Vitamin D/blood
- Vitamin D Deficiency/diagnosis