Long-term immune cell profiling in stroke patients with or without infections

Nina Vindegaard Sørensen, Henrik Hasseldam, Flemming Fryd Johansen, Uffe Kristiansen, Karsten Overgaard, Helle Klingenberg Iversen, Rune Skovgaard Rasmussen*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articleResearchpeer-review

Abstract

Purpose: Infections are frequent complications in acute ischemic stroke and may be caused by an altered immune response influencing brain damage. We compared long-term immune responses in stroke patients with or without infections during the recovery period by performing a long-term profiling of clinically relevant inflammatory parameters from stroke onset until day 49. Materials and methods: Thirty-four stroke patients were retrospectively included and divided into two groups depending on infection status. Group 1 had no infections (N = 17) and group 2 had post-admission infection (N = 17). The patients were evaluated carefully for infections and evolution of the peripheral inflammatory response. Neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, total leukocytes and C-reactive protein were evaluated in relation to the occurrence and development of infections. In both patient groups, an acute boost in neutrophils and monocytes were observed whereas the opposite was true for lymphocytes. Results: In Group 1, neutrophils and monocytes approached normal levels after 20–30 days, but remained elevated in Group 2. We found an increase in neutrophils (p = 0.01) and leukocytes (p < 0.01) as well as C-reactive protein (p < 0.01) among infected patients. Lymphocytes remained depressed in Group 2, while Group 1 slowly approached baseline levels. In both groups, CRP levels initially increased with a slow return to baseline levels. From day 0 to 49 after stroke, uninfected patients generally experienced a decline in leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes (all p < 0.05), while no similar changes happened among infected patients. Conclusions: Our study provides an overview of general immune cell kinetics after stroke related to infection status. Immune cell numbers were severely disturbed for weeks after the insult, independent of infection status, although infected patients achieved the highest cell counts of neutrophils, leukocytes and for C-reactive protein. The sustained depression of lymphocytes, especially and paradoxically among infected patients, warrants future studies into the mechanisms behind this, with potential for future therapies aimed at restoring normal immunity and thereby improving patient outcome.

Original languageEnglish
JournalInternational Journal of Neuroscience
Volume134
Issue number2
Pages (from-to)197-205
ISSN0020-7454
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2024

Bibliographical note

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© 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Keywords

  • leukocytes
  • macrophages
  • neutrophil granulocytes
  • Stroke
  • T-cells

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