Abstract
p-cresol is a metabolite produced by microbial metabolism of aromatic amino acid tyrosine. p-cresol and its conjugated forms, p-cresyl sulfate and p-cresyl glucuronide, are uremic toxins that correlate positively with chronic kidney disease and diabetes pathogenesis. However, how p-cresol affects gut hormones is unclear. Here, we expose immortalized GLUTag cells to increasing concentrations of p-cresol and found that p-cresol inhibited Gcg expression and reduced glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in vitro. In mice, administration of p-cresol in the drinking water for 2 weeks reduced the transcript levels of Gcg and other gut hormones in the colon; however, it did not affect either fasting or glucose-induced plasma GLP-1 levels. Furthermore, it did not affect glucose tolerance but promoted faster small intestinal transit in mice. Overall, our data suggest that microbial metabolite p-cresol suppresses transcript levels of gut hormones and regulates small intestinal transit in mice.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 1200391 |
Journal | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
Volume | 14 |
Number of pages | 7 |
ISSN | 1664-2392 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:Copyright © 2023 Toft, Vanslette, Trošt, Moritz, Gillum, Bäckhed and Arora.
Keywords
- GLP-1
- metabolic disease
- microbial metabolite
- p-cresol
- small intestinal transit