TY - JOUR
T1 - Modeling of waning immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and influencing factors
AU - Pérez-Alós, Laura
AU - Armenteros, Jose Juan Almagro
AU - Madsen, Johannes Roth
AU - Hansen, Cecilie Bo
AU - Jarlhelt, Ida
AU - Hamm, Sebastian Rask
AU - Heftdal, Line Dam
AU - Pries-Heje, Mia Marie
AU - Møller, Dina Leth
AU - Fogh, Kamille
AU - Hasselbalch, Rasmus Bo
AU - Rosbjerg, Anne
AU - Brunak, Søren
AU - Sørensen, Erik
AU - Larsen, Margit Anita Hørup
AU - Ostrowski, Sisse Rye
AU - Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth
AU - Bayarri-Olmos, Rafael
AU - Hilsted, Linda Maria
AU - Iversen, Kasper Karmark
AU - Bundgaard, Henning
AU - Nielsen, Susanne Dam
AU - Garred, Peter
N1 - © 2022. The Author(s).
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are crucial in controlling COVID-19, but knowledge of which factors determine waning immunity is limited. We examined antibody levels and T-cell gamma-interferon release after two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine or a combination of ChAdOx1-nCoV19 and BNT162b2 vaccines for up to 230 days after the first dose. Generalized mixed models with and without natural cubic splines were used to determine immunity over time. Antibody responses were influenced by natural infection, sex, and age. IgA only became significant in naturally infected. A one-year IgG projection suggested an initial two-phase response in those given the second dose delayed (ChAdOx1/BNT162b2) followed by a more rapid decrease of antibody levels. T-cell responses correlated significantly with IgG antibody responses. Our results indicate that IgG levels will drop at different rates depending on prior infection, age, sex, T-cell response, and the interval between vaccine injections. Only natural infection mounted a significant and lasting IgA response.
AB - SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are crucial in controlling COVID-19, but knowledge of which factors determine waning immunity is limited. We examined antibody levels and T-cell gamma-interferon release after two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine or a combination of ChAdOx1-nCoV19 and BNT162b2 vaccines for up to 230 days after the first dose. Generalized mixed models with and without natural cubic splines were used to determine immunity over time. Antibody responses were influenced by natural infection, sex, and age. IgA only became significant in naturally infected. A one-year IgG projection suggested an initial two-phase response in those given the second dose delayed (ChAdOx1/BNT162b2) followed by a more rapid decrease of antibody levels. T-cell responses correlated significantly with IgG antibody responses. Our results indicate that IgG levels will drop at different rates depending on prior infection, age, sex, T-cell response, and the interval between vaccine injections. Only natural infection mounted a significant and lasting IgA response.
KW - Antibodies, Viral
KW - BNT162 Vaccine
KW - COVID-19/prevention & control
KW - COVID-19 Vaccines
KW - Humans
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - Vaccination
KW - Vaccines, Inactivated
KW - Viral Vaccines
U2 - 10.1038/s41467-022-29225-4
DO - 10.1038/s41467-022-29225-4
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 35347129
VL - 13
JO - Nature Communications
JF - Nature Communications
SN - 2041-1723
IS - 1
M1 - 1614
ER -