Molecular pathogenesis of subarachnoid haemorrhage

BP Zhang, K Fugleholm, LB Day, S Ye, RO Weller, INM Day*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReviewResearchpeer-review

57 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) results from leakage of blood into the subarachnoid space and carries high morbidity and mortality. However, there is limited understanding to date, of the risk factors, cellular, intermediate biochemical and genetic traits predisposing to SAH. Nevertheless, in conjunction with improved methods of diagnostic imaging and less invasive approaches to preventing aneurysmal rupture, there may be utility in gaining a better understanding of the pathogenesis and in identifying pre-disease markers. Additionally, it is not impossible that drugs of value (e.g. matrix or endothelial modifiers) could become available. Several different clinical subtypes can be recognised, distinguished by arterial or venous involvement, presence of unruptured arterial aneurysms, and apparently 'sporadic' and 'familial' occurrences. Epidemiological risk factors include alcohol consumption and smoking: hypertension is a risk factor for rupture. About 10% seem to reflect strong family history and this subset may be particularly illuminating with respect to the molecular pathogenesis. Haemodynamic stress and poor vascular structure may be the main mechanisms of pathogenesis. The epidemiological and statistical evidence for familial megaphenic genes and modifier genes is reviewed. This review focuses on the pathogenesis, as opposed to inflammatory response to SAH. It sets in context the roles of specific genes and their protein products, such as polycystin (PKD1), fibrillin (FBN1), collagen III (COL3A1), elastin (ELN), collagen IV, protease inhibitor or alpha1-antitrypsin (PI) and proteases. These considerations illustrate the shortfalls in current knowledge, the needs of future biochemical and cellular research and their potential implications for future prevention of this often fatal condition. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Original languageEnglish
JournalInternational Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
Volume35
Issue number9
Pages (from-to)1341-1360
Number of pages20
ISSN1357-2725
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Sep 2003

Keywords

  • subarachnoid haemorrhage
  • stroke
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • aneurysm
  • intracranial aneurysm
  • POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY-DISEASE
  • RUPTURED INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS
  • FAMILIAL CEREBRAL ANEURYSMS
  • APOLIPOPROTEIN-E GENOTYPE
  • III COLLAGEN
  • MARFAN-SYNDROME
  • SACCULAR ANEURYSMS
  • AORTIC-ANEURYSMS
  • MEDIAL DEFECTS
  • BLOOD-VESSELS

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