Patterns of maladaptive exercise behavior from ages 14–24 in a longitudinal cohort

Katherine Schaumberg; Cynthia M. Bulik; Nadia Micali

doi:10.1111/jcpp.13844

Patterns of maladaptive exercise behavior from ages 14–24 in a longitudinal cohort

Katherine Schaumberg^*, Cynthia M. Bulik, Nadia Micali

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › peer-review

4 Citations (Scopus)

5 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Background: Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and are associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. The current study clarifies processes that influence exercise-related risk in adolescence and young adulthood, including the frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experiencing negative consequences of this behavior. Method: Participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) reported on eating disorder cognitions at age 14, and exercise behavior at ages 14, 16, 18, and 24 years old. Analyses examined rates of transition between the categories of ‘No Exercise for Weight Loss’, ‘Exercise for Weight Loss’, and ‘Maladaptive Exercise’ over time, identified overall trends in endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise, and clarified predictors of these behaviors. Results: Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over time in both males and females. Those in the ‘Exercise for Weight Loss’ category were more likely than those in the ‘No Exercise for Weight Loss Category’ to transition to ‘Maladaptive Exercise’ over time. Body mass index (Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex. Conclusions: Results support re-framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high-risk individuals.

Original language	English
Journal	Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines
Volume	64
Issue number	11
Pages (from-to)	1555-1568
Number of pages	14
ISSN	0021-9630
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13844
Publication status	Published - 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
N.M. receives an honorarium as Associate Editor for the European Eating Disorders Review. C.M.B. reports: Shire (grant recipient, Scientific Advisory Board member); Lundbeckfonden (grant recipient); Pearson (author, royalty recipient); Equip Health Inc. (Clinical Advisory Board). K.S. has no conflicts to disclose. Key points

Funding Information:
The authors are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (217065‐Z‐19‐z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and Katherine Schaumberg, Cynthia M. Bulik, and Nadia Micali will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website . This research was specifically funded by NIH K01MH123914. This work is partially supported by the MRC/AHRC/ESRC Adolescence, Mental Health and the Developing Mind initiative as part of the EDIFY program (grant number MR/W002418/1). All analytic code used in the development of this manuscript is available at https://github.com/kschaumb/alspac‐dex‐1‐bookdown for replication.

Funding Information:
The authors are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (217065-Z-19-z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and Katherine Schaumberg, Cynthia M. Bulik, and Nadia Micali will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website. This research was specifically funded by NIH K01MH123914. This work is partially supported by the MRC/AHRC/ESRC Adolescence, Mental Health and the Developing Mind initiative as part of the EDIFY program (grant number MR/W002418/1). All analytic code used in the development of this manuscript is available at https://github.com/kschaumb/alspac-dex-1-bookdown for replication. The authors made the following contributions. K.S.: Conceptualization, Data Preparation, Data Analysis, Writing - Original Draft Preparation, Editing - Review; C.M.B.: Conceptualization, Editing - Review; N.M.: Conceptualization, Editing - Review. N.M. receives an honorarium as Associate Editor for the European Eating Disorders Review. C.M.B. reports: Shire (grant recipient, Scientific Advisory Board member); Lundbeckfonden (grant recipient); Pearson (author, royalty recipient); Equip Health Inc. (Clinical Advisory Board). K.S. has no conflicts to disclose.Key points Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. We clarify frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experience negative consequences of this behavior in an epidemiological sample. Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over ages 14–24 in both males and females. Body mass index (BMI; Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex. Results support re-framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high-risk individuals. Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. We clarify frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experience negative consequences of this behavior in an epidemiological sample. Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over ages 14–24 in both males and females. Body mass index (BMI; Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex. Results support re-framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high-risk individuals.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.

Keywords

adolescence
ALSPAC
eating disorder
exercise for weight loss
Maladaptive exercise

Access to Document

10.1111/jcpp.13844

FulltextFinal published version, 640 KBLicence: CC BY-NC

Cite this

@article{5ac3bfe592b24f0c964397712246e17a,

title = "Patterns of maladaptive exercise behavior from ages 14–24 in a longitudinal cohort",

abstract = "Background: Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and are associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. The current study clarifies processes that influence exercise-related risk in adolescence and young adulthood, including the frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experiencing negative consequences of this behavior. Method: Participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) reported on eating disorder cognitions at age 14, and exercise behavior at ages 14, 16, 18, and 24 years old. Analyses examined rates of transition between the categories of {\textquoteleft}No Exercise for Weight Loss{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteleft}Exercise for Weight Loss{\textquoteright}, and {\textquoteleft}Maladaptive Exercise{\textquoteright} over time, identified overall trends in endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise, and clarified predictors of these behaviors. Results: Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over time in both males and females. Those in the {\textquoteleft}Exercise for Weight Loss{\textquoteright} category were more likely than those in the {\textquoteleft}No Exercise for Weight Loss Category{\textquoteright} to transition to {\textquoteleft}Maladaptive Exercise{\textquoteright} over time. Body mass index (Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex. Conclusions: Results support re-framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high-risk individuals.",

keywords = "adolescence, ALSPAC, eating disorder, exercise for weight loss, Maladaptive exercise",

author = "Katherine Schaumberg and Bulik, {Cynthia M.} and Nadia Micali",

note = "Funding Information: N.M. receives an honorarium as Associate Editor for the European Eating Disorders Review. C.M.B. reports: Shire (grant recipient, Scientific Advisory Board member); Lundbeckfonden (grant recipient); Pearson (author, royalty recipient); Equip Health Inc. (Clinical Advisory Board). K.S. has no conflicts to disclose. Key points Funding Information: The authors are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (217065‐Z‐19‐z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and Katherine Schaumberg, Cynthia M. Bulik, and Nadia Micali will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website . This research was specifically funded by NIH K01MH123914. This work is partially supported by the MRC/AHRC/ESRC Adolescence, Mental Health and the Developing Mind initiative as part of the EDIFY program (grant number MR/W002418/1). All analytic code used in the development of this manuscript is available at https://github.com/kschaumb/alspac‐dex‐1‐bookdown for replication. Funding Information: The authors are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (217065-Z-19-z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and Katherine Schaumberg, Cynthia M. Bulik, and Nadia Micali will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website. This research was specifically funded by NIH K01MH123914. This work is partially supported by the MRC/AHRC/ESRC Adolescence, Mental Health and the Developing Mind initiative as part of the EDIFY program (grant number MR/W002418/1). All analytic code used in the development of this manuscript is available at https://github.com/kschaumb/alspac-dex-1-bookdown for replication. The authors made the following contributions. K.S.: Conceptualization, Data Preparation, Data Analysis, Writing - Original Draft Preparation, Editing - Review; C.M.B.: Conceptualization, Editing - Review; N.M.: Conceptualization, Editing - Review. N.M. receives an honorarium as Associate Editor for the European Eating Disorders Review. C.M.B. reports: Shire (grant recipient, Scientific Advisory Board member); Lundbeckfonden (grant recipient); Pearson (author, royalty recipient); Equip Health Inc. (Clinical Advisory Board). K.S. has no conflicts to disclose.Key points Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. We clarify frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experience negative consequences of this behavior in an epidemiological sample. Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over ages 14–24 in both males and females. Body mass index (BMI; Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex. Results support re-framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high-risk individuals. Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. We clarify frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experience negative consequences of this behavior in an epidemiological sample. Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over ages 14–24 in both males and females. Body mass index (BMI; Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex. Results support re-framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high-risk individuals. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.",

year = "2023",

doi = "10.1111/jcpp.13844",

language = "English",

volume = "64",

pages = "1555--1568",

journal = "Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry",

issn = "0021-9630",

publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",

number = "11",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Patterns of maladaptive exercise behavior from ages 14–24 in a longitudinal cohort

AU - Schaumberg, Katherine

AU - Bulik, Cynthia M.

AU - Micali, Nadia

N1 - Funding Information: N.M. receives an honorarium as Associate Editor for the European Eating Disorders Review. C.M.B. reports: Shire (grant recipient, Scientific Advisory Board member); Lundbeckfonden (grant recipient); Pearson (author, royalty recipient); Equip Health Inc. (Clinical Advisory Board). K.S. has no conflicts to disclose. Key points Funding Information: The authors are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (217065‐Z‐19‐z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and Katherine Schaumberg, Cynthia M. Bulik, and Nadia Micali will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website . This research was specifically funded by NIH K01MH123914. This work is partially supported by the MRC/AHRC/ESRC Adolescence, Mental Health and the Developing Mind initiative as part of the EDIFY program (grant number MR/W002418/1). All analytic code used in the development of this manuscript is available at https://github.com/kschaumb/alspac‐dex‐1‐bookdown for replication. Funding Information: The authors are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (217065-Z-19-z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and Katherine Schaumberg, Cynthia M. Bulik, and Nadia Micali will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website. This research was specifically funded by NIH K01MH123914. This work is partially supported by the MRC/AHRC/ESRC Adolescence, Mental Health and the Developing Mind initiative as part of the EDIFY program (grant number MR/W002418/1). All analytic code used in the development of this manuscript is available at https://github.com/kschaumb/alspac-dex-1-bookdown for replication. The authors made the following contributions. K.S.: Conceptualization, Data Preparation, Data Analysis, Writing - Original Draft Preparation, Editing - Review; C.M.B.: Conceptualization, Editing - Review; N.M.: Conceptualization, Editing - Review. N.M. receives an honorarium as Associate Editor for the European Eating Disorders Review. C.M.B. reports: Shire (grant recipient, Scientific Advisory Board member); Lundbeckfonden (grant recipient); Pearson (author, royalty recipient); Equip Health Inc. (Clinical Advisory Board). K.S. has no conflicts to disclose.Key points Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. We clarify frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experience negative consequences of this behavior in an epidemiological sample. Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over ages 14–24 in both males and females. Body mass index (BMI; Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex. Results support re-framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high-risk individuals. Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. We clarify frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experience negative consequences of this behavior in an epidemiological sample. Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over ages 14–24 in both males and females. Body mass index (BMI; Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex. Results support re-framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high-risk individuals. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - Background: Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and are associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. The current study clarifies processes that influence exercise-related risk in adolescence and young adulthood, including the frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experiencing negative consequences of this behavior. Method: Participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) reported on eating disorder cognitions at age 14, and exercise behavior at ages 14, 16, 18, and 24 years old. Analyses examined rates of transition between the categories of ‘No Exercise for Weight Loss’, ‘Exercise for Weight Loss’, and ‘Maladaptive Exercise’ over time, identified overall trends in endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise, and clarified predictors of these behaviors. Results: Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over time in both males and females. Those in the ‘Exercise for Weight Loss’ category were more likely than those in the ‘No Exercise for Weight Loss Category’ to transition to ‘Maladaptive Exercise’ over time. Body mass index (Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex. Conclusions: Results support re-framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high-risk individuals.

AB - Background: Exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise (exercise that results in negative consequences or interference with daily life) are common behaviors among youth and are associated with increased risk of disordered eating symptoms. The current study clarifies processes that influence exercise-related risk in adolescence and young adulthood, including the frequency with which young people transition between engaging in exercise for weight loss and experiencing negative consequences of this behavior. Method: Participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) reported on eating disorder cognitions at age 14, and exercise behavior at ages 14, 16, 18, and 24 years old. Analyses examined rates of transition between the categories of ‘No Exercise for Weight Loss’, ‘Exercise for Weight Loss’, and ‘Maladaptive Exercise’ over time, identified overall trends in endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise, and clarified predictors of these behaviors. Results: Endorsement of exercise for weight loss and maladaptive exercise increased over time in both males and females. Those in the ‘Exercise for Weight Loss’ category were more likely than those in the ‘No Exercise for Weight Loss Category’ to transition to ‘Maladaptive Exercise’ over time. Body mass index (Age 13) and fear of weight gain (Age 14) were consistent predictors of maladaptive exercise across sex. Conclusions: Results support re-framing motivations for exercise in youth away from weight loss at a population level and targeting reductions in fear of weight gain for high-risk individuals.

KW - adolescence

KW - ALSPAC

KW - eating disorder

KW - exercise for weight loss

KW - Maladaptive exercise

U2 - 10.1111/jcpp.13844

DO - 10.1111/jcpp.13844

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 37258173

AN - SCOPUS:85161465669

VL - 64

SP - 1555

EP - 1568

JO - Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry

JF - Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry

SN - 0021-9630

IS - 11

ER -