The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana

Morten Rasmussen, Sarah L Anzick, Michael R. Waters, Pontus Skoglund, Michael DeGiorgio, Thomas Stafford jr., Simon Rasmussen, Ida Moltke, Anders Albrechtsen, Shane M. Doyle, G. David Poznik, Valborg Gudmundsdottir, Rachita Yadav, Anna Sapfo Malaspinas, Samuel Stockton White, Morten Erik Allentoft, Omar E. Cornejo, Kristiina Tambets, Anders Eriksson, Peter D. HeintzmanMonika Karmin, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, David J. Meltzer, Tracey Lynn Pierre, Jesper Stenderup, Lauri Saag, Vera M. Warmuth, Margarida C. Lopes, Ripan S. Malhi, Søren Brunak, Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén, Ian Barnes, Matthew Collins, Ludovic Antoine Alexandre Orlando, Francois Balloux, Andrea Manica, Ramneek Gupta, Mait Metspalu, Carlos D. Bustamante, Mattias Jakobsson, Rasmus Nielsen, Eske Willerslev

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396 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Clovis, with its distinctive biface, blade and osseous technologies, is the oldest widespread archaeological complex defined in North America, dating from 11,100 to 10,700 (14)C years before present (bp) (13,000 to 12,600 calendar years bp). Nearly 50 years of archaeological research point to the Clovis complex as having developed south of the North American ice sheets from an ancestral technology. However, both the origins and the genetic legacy of the people who manufactured Clovis tools remain under debate. It is generally believed that these people ultimately derived from Asia and were directly related to contemporary Native Americans. An alternative, Solutrean, hypothesis posits that the Clovis predecessors emigrated from southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we report the genome sequence of a male infant (Anzick-1) recovered from the Anzick burial site in western Montana. The human bones date to 10,705 ± 35 (14)C years bp (approximately 12,707-12,556 calendar years bp) and were directly associated with Clovis tools. We sequenced the genome to an average depth of 14.4× and show that the gene flow from the Siberian Upper Palaeolithic Mal'ta population into Native American ancestors is also shared by the Anzick-1 individual and thus happened before 12,600 years bp. We also show that the Anzick-1 individual is more closely related to all indigenous American populations than to any other group. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that Anzick-1 belonged to a population directly ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans. Finally, we find evidence of a deep divergence in Native American populations that predates the Anzick-1 individual.
Original languageEnglish
JournalNature
Volume506
Issue number7487
Pages (from-to)225-229
Number of pages5
ISSN0028-0836
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2014

Keywords

  • Archaeology
  • Asia
  • Bone and Bones
  • Burial
  • Chromosomes, Human, Y
  • DNA, Mitochondrial
  • Emigration and Immigration
  • Europe
  • Gene Flow
  • Genome, Human
  • Haplotypes
  • History, Ancient
  • Humans
  • Indians, North American
  • Infant
  • Male
  • Models, Genetic
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Montana
  • Phylogeny
  • Population Dynamics
  • Radiometric Dating

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