The Gravity Collective: A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger GW190814

Charles D. Kilpatrick; David A. Coulter; Iair Arcavi; Thomas G. Brink; Georgios Dimitriadis; Alexei Filippenko; Ryan J. Foley; D. Andrew Howell; David O. Jones; Daniel Kasen; Martin Makler; Anthony L. Piro; Cesar Rojas-Bravo; David J. Sand; Jonathan J. Swift; Douglas Tucker; WeiKang Zheng; Sahar S. Allam; James T. Annis; Juanita Antilen; Tristan G. Bachmann; Joshua S. Bloom; Clecio R. Bom; K. Azalee Bostroem; Dillon Brout; Jamison Burke; Robert E. Butler; Melissa Butner; Abdo Campillay; Karoli E. Clever; Christopher J. Conselice; Jeff Cooke; Kristen C. Dage; Reinaldo R. de Carvalho; Thomas de Jaeger; Shantanu Desai; Alyssa Garcia; Juan Garcia-Bellido; Mandeep S. S. Gill; Nachiket Girish; Na'ama Hallakoun; Kenneth Herner; Daichi Hiramatsu; Daniel E. Holz; Grace Huber; Adam M. Kawash; Curtis McCully; Sophia A. Medallon; Brian D. Metzger; Shaunak Modak; Robert Morgan; Ricardo R. Munoz; Nahir Munoz-Elgueta; Yukei S. Murakami; E. Felipe Olivares; Antonella Palmese; Kishore C. Patra; Maria E. S. Pereira; Thallis L. Pessi; J. Pineda-Garcia; Jonathan Quirola-Vasquez; Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz; Sandro Barboza Rembold; Armin Rest; Osmar Rodriguez; Luidhy Santana-Silva; Nora F. Sherman; Matthew R. Siebert; Carli Smith; J. Allyn Smith; Marcelle Soares-Santos; Holland Stacey; Benjamin E. Stahl; Jay Strader; Erika Strasburger; James Sunseri; Samaporn Tinyanont; Brad E. Tucker; Natalie Ulloa; Stefano Valenti; Sergiy S. Vasylyev; Matthew P. Wiesner; Keto D. Zhang

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac23c6

The Gravity Collective: A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger GW190814

Charles D. Kilpatrick^*, David A. Coulter, Iair Arcavi, Thomas G. Brink, Georgios Dimitriadis, Alexei Filippenko, Ryan J. Foley, D. Andrew Howell, David O. Jones, Daniel Kasen, Martin Makler, Anthony L. Piro, Cesar Rojas-Bravo, David J. Sand, Jonathan J. Swift, Douglas Tucker, WeiKang Zheng, Sahar S. Allam, James T. Annis, Juanita AntilenTristan G. Bachmann, Joshua S. Bloom, Clecio R. Bom, K. Azalee Bostroem, Dillon Brout, Jamison Burke, Robert E. Butler, Melissa Butner, Abdo Campillay, Karoli E. Clever, Christopher J. Conselice, Jeff Cooke, Kristen C. Dage, Reinaldo R. de Carvalho, Thomas de Jaeger, Shantanu Desai, Alyssa Garcia, Juan Garcia-Bellido, Mandeep S. S. Gill, Nachiket Girish, Na'ama Hallakoun, Kenneth Herner, Daichi Hiramatsu, Daniel E. Holz, Grace Huber, Adam M. Kawash, Curtis McCully, Sophia A. Medallon, Brian D. Metzger, Shaunak Modak, Robert Morgan, Ricardo R. Munoz, Nahir Munoz-Elgueta, Yukei S. Murakami, E. Felipe Olivares, Antonella Palmese, Kishore C. Patra, Maria E. S. Pereira, Thallis L. Pessi, J. Pineda-Garcia, Jonathan Quirola-Vasquez, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz, Sandro Barboza Rembold, Armin Rest, Osmar Rodriguez, Luidhy Santana-Silva, Nora F. Sherman, Matthew R. Siebert, Carli Smith, J. Allyn Smith, Marcelle Soares-Santos, Holland Stacey, Benjamin E. Stahl, Jay Strader, Erika Strasburger, James Sunseri, Samaporn Tinyanont, Brad E. Tucker, Natalie Ulloa, Stefano Valenti, Sergiy S. Vasylyev, Matthew P. Wiesner, Keto D. Zhang

^*Corresponding author for this work

DARK

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

23 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

We present optical follow-up imaging obtained with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Nickel Telescope, Swope Telescope, and Thacher Telescope of the LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave (GW) signal from the neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger GW190814. We searched the GW190814 localization region (19 deg(2) for the 90th percentile best localization), covering a total of 51 deg(2) and 94.6% of the two-dimensional localization region. Analyzing the properties of 189 transients that we consider as candidate counterparts to the NSBH merger, including their localizations, discovery times from merger, optical spectra, likely host galaxy redshifts, and photometric evolution, we conclude that none of these objects are likely to be associated with GW190814. Based on this finding, we consider the likely optical properties of an electromagnetic counterpart to GW190814, including possible kilonovae and short gamma-ray burst afterglows. Using the joint limits from our follow-up imaging, we conclude that a counterpart with an r-band decline rate of 0.68 mag day(-1), similar to the kilonova AT 2017gfo, could peak at an absolute magnitude of at most -17.8 mag (50% confidence). Our data are not constraining for "red" kilonovae and rule out "blue" kilonovae with M > 0.5 M (circle dot) (30% confidence). We strongly rule out all known types of short gamma-ray burst afterglows with viewing angles

Original language	English
Article number	258
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	923
Issue number	2
Number of pages	26
ISSN	0004-637X
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac23c6
Publication status	Published - Dec 2021

Keywords

GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE SOURCE
GALAXY-TARGETED SEARCH
EQUATION-OF-STATE
FOLLOW-UP
HUBBLE CONSTANT
LIGHT CURVES
DATA RELEASE
PHOTOMETRY PROGRAM
RADIO COUNTERPART
STANDARD STARS

Access to Document

10.3847/1538-4357/ac23c6

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.06897.pdf

Cite this

Kilpatrick, C. D., Coulter, D. A., Arcavi, I., Brink, T. G., Dimitriadis, G., Filippenko, A., Foley, R. J., Howell, D. A., Jones, D. O., Kasen, D., Makler, M., Piro, A. L., Rojas-Bravo, C., Sand, D. J., Swift, J. J., Tucker, D., Zheng, W., Allam, S. S., Annis, J. T., ... Zhang, K. D. (2021). The Gravity Collective: A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger GW190814. Astrophysical Journal, 923(2), [258]. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac23c6

The Gravity Collective : A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger GW190814. / Kilpatrick, Charles D.; Coulter, David A.; Arcavi, Iair; Brink, Thomas G.; Dimitriadis, Georgios; Filippenko, Alexei; Foley, Ryan J.; Howell, D. Andrew; Jones, David O.; Kasen, Daniel; Makler, Martin; Piro, Anthony L.; Rojas-Bravo, Cesar; Sand, David J.; Swift, Jonathan J.; Tucker, Douglas; Zheng, WeiKang; Allam, Sahar S.; Annis, James T.; Antilen, Juanita; Bachmann, Tristan G.; Bloom, Joshua S.; Bom, Clecio R.; Bostroem, K. Azalee; Brout, Dillon; Burke, Jamison; Butler, Robert E.; Butner, Melissa; Campillay, Abdo; Clever, Karoli E.; Conselice, Christopher J.; Cooke, Jeff; Dage, Kristen C.; de Carvalho, Reinaldo R.; de Jaeger, Thomas; Desai, Shantanu; Garcia, Alyssa; Garcia-Bellido, Juan; Gill, Mandeep S. S.; Girish, Nachiket; Hallakoun, Na'ama; Herner, Kenneth; Hiramatsu, Daichi; Holz, Daniel E.; Huber, Grace; Kawash, Adam M.; McCully, Curtis; Medallon, Sophia A.; Metzger, Brian D.; Modak, Shaunak; Morgan, Robert; Munoz, Ricardo R.; Munoz-Elgueta, Nahir; Murakami, Yukei S.; Felipe Olivares, E.; Palmese, Antonella; Patra, Kishore C.; Pereira, Maria E. S.; Pessi, Thallis L.; Pineda-Garcia, J.; Quirola-Vasquez, Jonathan; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico; Rembold, Sandro Barboza; Rest, Armin; Rodriguez, Osmar; Santana-Silva, Luidhy; Sherman, Nora F.; Siebert, Matthew R.; Smith, Carli; Smith, J. Allyn; Soares-Santos, Marcelle; Stacey, Holland; Stahl, Benjamin E.; Strader, Jay; Strasburger, Erika; Sunseri, James; Tinyanont, Samaporn; Tucker, Brad E.; Ulloa, Natalie; Valenti, Stefano; Vasylyev, Sergiy S.; Wiesner, Matthew P.; Zhang, Keto D.

In: Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 923, No. 2, 258, 12.2021.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Kilpatrick, CD, Coulter, DA, Arcavi, I, Brink, TG, Dimitriadis, G, Filippenko, A, Foley, RJ, Howell, DA, Jones, DO, Kasen, D, Makler, M, Piro, AL, Rojas-Bravo, C, Sand, DJ, Swift, JJ, Tucker, D, Zheng, W, Allam, SS, Annis, JT, Antilen, J, Bachmann, TG, Bloom, JS, Bom, CR, Bostroem, KA, Brout, D, Burke, J, Butler, RE, Butner, M, Campillay, A, Clever, KE, Conselice, CJ, Cooke, J, Dage, KC, de Carvalho, RR, de Jaeger, T, Desai, S, Garcia, A, Garcia-Bellido, J, Gill, MSS, Girish, N, Hallakoun, N, Herner, K, Hiramatsu, D, Holz, DE, Huber, G, Kawash, AM, McCully, C, Medallon, SA, Metzger, BD, Modak, S, Morgan, R, Munoz, RR, Munoz-Elgueta, N, Murakami, YS, Felipe Olivares, E, Palmese, A, Patra, KC, Pereira, MES, Pessi, TL, Pineda-Garcia, J, Quirola-Vasquez, J, Ramirez-Ruiz, E, Rembold, SB, Rest, A, Rodriguez, O, Santana-Silva, L, Sherman, NF, Siebert, MR, Smith, C, Smith, JA, Soares-Santos, M, Stacey, H, Stahl, BE, Strader, J, Strasburger, E, Sunseri, J, Tinyanont, S, Tucker, BE, Ulloa, N, Valenti, S, Vasylyev, SS, Wiesner, MP & Zhang, KD 2021, 'The Gravity Collective: A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger GW190814', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 923, no. 2, 258. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac23c6

Kilpatrick, Charles D. ; Coulter, David A. ; Arcavi, Iair ; Brink, Thomas G. ; Dimitriadis, Georgios ; Filippenko, Alexei ; Foley, Ryan J. ; Howell, D. Andrew ; Jones, David O. ; Kasen, Daniel ; Makler, Martin ; Piro, Anthony L. ; Rojas-Bravo, Cesar ; Sand, David J. ; Swift, Jonathan J. ; Tucker, Douglas ; Zheng, WeiKang ; Allam, Sahar S. ; Annis, James T. ; Antilen, Juanita ; Bachmann, Tristan G. ; Bloom, Joshua S. ; Bom, Clecio R. ; Bostroem, K. Azalee ; Brout, Dillon ; Burke, Jamison ; Butler, Robert E. ; Butner, Melissa ; Campillay, Abdo ; Clever, Karoli E. ; Conselice, Christopher J. ; Cooke, Jeff ; Dage, Kristen C. ; de Carvalho, Reinaldo R. ; de Jaeger, Thomas ; Desai, Shantanu ; Garcia, Alyssa ; Garcia-Bellido, Juan ; Gill, Mandeep S. S. ; Girish, Nachiket ; Hallakoun, Na'ama ; Herner, Kenneth ; Hiramatsu, Daichi ; Holz, Daniel E. ; Huber, Grace ; Kawash, Adam M. ; McCully, Curtis ; Medallon, Sophia A. ; Metzger, Brian D. ; Modak, Shaunak ; Morgan, Robert ; Munoz, Ricardo R. ; Munoz-Elgueta, Nahir ; Murakami, Yukei S. ; Felipe Olivares, E. ; Palmese, Antonella ; Patra, Kishore C. ; Pereira, Maria E. S. ; Pessi, Thallis L. ; Pineda-Garcia, J. ; Quirola-Vasquez, Jonathan ; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico ; Rembold, Sandro Barboza ; Rest, Armin ; Rodriguez, Osmar ; Santana-Silva, Luidhy ; Sherman, Nora F. ; Siebert, Matthew R. ; Smith, Carli ; Smith, J. Allyn ; Soares-Santos, Marcelle ; Stacey, Holland ; Stahl, Benjamin E. ; Strader, Jay ; Strasburger, Erika ; Sunseri, James ; Tinyanont, Samaporn ; Tucker, Brad E. ; Ulloa, Natalie ; Valenti, Stefano ; Vasylyev, Sergiy S. ; Wiesner, Matthew P. ; Zhang, Keto D. / The Gravity Collective : A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger GW190814. In: Astrophysical Journal. 2021 ; Vol. 923, No. 2.

@article{12dccbff9fcd4cfa8cc43ad55ef0ae60,

title = "The Gravity Collective: A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger GW190814",

abstract = "We present optical follow-up imaging obtained with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Nickel Telescope, Swope Telescope, and Thacher Telescope of the LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave (GW) signal from the neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger GW190814. We searched the GW190814 localization region (19 deg(2) for the 90th percentile best localization), covering a total of 51 deg(2) and 94.6% of the two-dimensional localization region. Analyzing the properties of 189 transients that we consider as candidate counterparts to the NSBH merger, including their localizations, discovery times from merger, optical spectra, likely host galaxy redshifts, and photometric evolution, we conclude that none of these objects are likely to be associated with GW190814. Based on this finding, we consider the likely optical properties of an electromagnetic counterpart to GW190814, including possible kilonovae and short gamma-ray burst afterglows. Using the joint limits from our follow-up imaging, we conclude that a counterpart with an r-band decline rate of 0.68 mag day(-1), similar to the kilonova AT 2017gfo, could peak at an absolute magnitude of at most -17.8 mag (50% confidence). Our data are not constraining for {"}red{"} kilonovae and rule out {"}blue{"} kilonovae with M > 0.5 M (circle dot) (30% confidence). We strongly rule out all known types of short gamma-ray burst afterglows with viewing angles",

keywords = "GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE SOURCE, GALAXY-TARGETED SEARCH, EQUATION-OF-STATE, FOLLOW-UP, HUBBLE CONSTANT, LIGHT CURVES, DATA RELEASE, PHOTOMETRY PROGRAM, RADIO COUNTERPART, STANDARD STARS",

author = "Kilpatrick, {Charles D.} and Coulter, {David A.} and Iair Arcavi and Brink, {Thomas G.} and Georgios Dimitriadis and Alexei Filippenko and Foley, {Ryan J.} and Howell, {D. Andrew} and Jones, {David O.} and Daniel Kasen and Martin Makler and Piro, {Anthony L.} and Cesar Rojas-Bravo and Sand, {David J.} and Swift, {Jonathan J.} and Douglas Tucker and WeiKang Zheng and Allam, {Sahar S.} and Annis, {James T.} and Juanita Antilen and Bachmann, {Tristan G.} and Bloom, {Joshua S.} and Bom, {Clecio R.} and Bostroem, {K. Azalee} and Dillon Brout and Jamison Burke and Butler, {Robert E.} and Melissa Butner and Abdo Campillay and Clever, {Karoli E.} and Conselice, {Christopher J.} and Jeff Cooke and Dage, {Kristen C.} and {de Carvalho}, {Reinaldo R.} and {de Jaeger}, Thomas and Shantanu Desai and Alyssa Garcia and Juan Garcia-Bellido and Gill, {Mandeep S. S.} and Nachiket Girish and Na'ama Hallakoun and Kenneth Herner and Daichi Hiramatsu and Holz, {Daniel E.} and Grace Huber and Kawash, {Adam M.} and Curtis McCully and Medallon, {Sophia A.} and Metzger, {Brian D.} and Shaunak Modak and Robert Morgan and Munoz, {Ricardo R.} and Nahir Munoz-Elgueta and Murakami, {Yukei S.} and {Felipe Olivares}, E. and Antonella Palmese and Patra, {Kishore C.} and Pereira, {Maria E. S.} and Pessi, {Thallis L.} and J. Pineda-Garcia and Jonathan Quirola-Vasquez and Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz and Rembold, {Sandro Barboza} and Armin Rest and Osmar Rodriguez and Luidhy Santana-Silva and Sherman, {Nora F.} and Siebert, {Matthew R.} and Carli Smith and Smith, {J. Allyn} and Marcelle Soares-Santos and Holland Stacey and Stahl, {Benjamin E.} and Jay Strader and Erika Strasburger and James Sunseri and Samaporn Tinyanont and Tucker, {Brad E.} and Natalie Ulloa and Stefano Valenti and Vasylyev, {Sergiy S.} and Wiesner, {Matthew P.} and Zhang, {Keto D.}",

year = "2021",

month = dec,

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ac23c6",

language = "English",

volume = "923",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "Institute of Physics Publishing, Inc",

number = "2",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - The Gravity Collective

T2 - A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star-Black Hole Merger GW190814

AU - Kilpatrick, Charles D.

AU - Coulter, David A.

AU - Arcavi, Iair

AU - Brink, Thomas G.

AU - Dimitriadis, Georgios

AU - Filippenko, Alexei

AU - Foley, Ryan J.

AU - Howell, D. Andrew

AU - Jones, David O.

AU - Kasen, Daniel

AU - Makler, Martin

AU - Piro, Anthony L.

AU - Rojas-Bravo, Cesar

AU - Sand, David J.

AU - Swift, Jonathan J.

AU - Tucker, Douglas

AU - Zheng, WeiKang

AU - Allam, Sahar S.

AU - Annis, James T.

AU - Antilen, Juanita

AU - Bachmann, Tristan G.

AU - Bloom, Joshua S.

AU - Bom, Clecio R.

AU - Bostroem, K. Azalee

AU - Brout, Dillon

AU - Burke, Jamison

AU - Butler, Robert E.

AU - Butner, Melissa

AU - Campillay, Abdo

AU - Clever, Karoli E.

AU - Conselice, Christopher J.

AU - Cooke, Jeff

AU - Dage, Kristen C.

AU - de Carvalho, Reinaldo R.

AU - de Jaeger, Thomas

AU - Desai, Shantanu

AU - Garcia, Alyssa

AU - Garcia-Bellido, Juan

AU - Gill, Mandeep S. S.

AU - Girish, Nachiket

AU - Hallakoun, Na'ama

AU - Herner, Kenneth

AU - Hiramatsu, Daichi

AU - Holz, Daniel E.

AU - Huber, Grace

AU - Kawash, Adam M.

AU - McCully, Curtis

AU - Medallon, Sophia A.

AU - Metzger, Brian D.

AU - Modak, Shaunak

AU - Morgan, Robert

AU - Munoz, Ricardo R.

AU - Munoz-Elgueta, Nahir

AU - Murakami, Yukei S.

AU - Felipe Olivares, E.

AU - Palmese, Antonella

AU - Patra, Kishore C.

AU - Pereira, Maria E. S.

AU - Pessi, Thallis L.

AU - Pineda-Garcia, J.

AU - Quirola-Vasquez, Jonathan

AU - Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico

AU - Rembold, Sandro Barboza

AU - Rest, Armin

AU - Rodriguez, Osmar

AU - Santana-Silva, Luidhy

AU - Sherman, Nora F.

AU - Siebert, Matthew R.

AU - Smith, Carli

AU - Smith, J. Allyn

AU - Soares-Santos, Marcelle

AU - Stacey, Holland

AU - Stahl, Benjamin E.

AU - Strader, Jay

AU - Strasburger, Erika

AU - Sunseri, James

AU - Tinyanont, Samaporn

AU - Tucker, Brad E.

AU - Ulloa, Natalie

AU - Valenti, Stefano

AU - Vasylyev, Sergiy S.

AU - Wiesner, Matthew P.

AU - Zhang, Keto D.

PY - 2021/12

Y1 - 2021/12

N2 - We present optical follow-up imaging obtained with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Nickel Telescope, Swope Telescope, and Thacher Telescope of the LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave (GW) signal from the neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger GW190814. We searched the GW190814 localization region (19 deg(2) for the 90th percentile best localization), covering a total of 51 deg(2) and 94.6% of the two-dimensional localization region. Analyzing the properties of 189 transients that we consider as candidate counterparts to the NSBH merger, including their localizations, discovery times from merger, optical spectra, likely host galaxy redshifts, and photometric evolution, we conclude that none of these objects are likely to be associated with GW190814. Based on this finding, we consider the likely optical properties of an electromagnetic counterpart to GW190814, including possible kilonovae and short gamma-ray burst afterglows. Using the joint limits from our follow-up imaging, we conclude that a counterpart with an r-band decline rate of 0.68 mag day(-1), similar to the kilonova AT 2017gfo, could peak at an absolute magnitude of at most -17.8 mag (50% confidence). Our data are not constraining for "red" kilonovae and rule out "blue" kilonovae with M > 0.5 M (circle dot) (30% confidence). We strongly rule out all known types of short gamma-ray burst afterglows with viewing angles

AB - We present optical follow-up imaging obtained with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Nickel Telescope, Swope Telescope, and Thacher Telescope of the LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave (GW) signal from the neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger GW190814. We searched the GW190814 localization region (19 deg(2) for the 90th percentile best localization), covering a total of 51 deg(2) and 94.6% of the two-dimensional localization region. Analyzing the properties of 189 transients that we consider as candidate counterparts to the NSBH merger, including their localizations, discovery times from merger, optical spectra, likely host galaxy redshifts, and photometric evolution, we conclude that none of these objects are likely to be associated with GW190814. Based on this finding, we consider the likely optical properties of an electromagnetic counterpart to GW190814, including possible kilonovae and short gamma-ray burst afterglows. Using the joint limits from our follow-up imaging, we conclude that a counterpart with an r-band decline rate of 0.68 mag day(-1), similar to the kilonova AT 2017gfo, could peak at an absolute magnitude of at most -17.8 mag (50% confidence). Our data are not constraining for "red" kilonovae and rule out "blue" kilonovae with M > 0.5 M (circle dot) (30% confidence). We strongly rule out all known types of short gamma-ray burst afterglows with viewing angles

KW - GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE SOURCE

KW - GALAXY-TARGETED SEARCH

KW - EQUATION-OF-STATE

KW - FOLLOW-UP

KW - HUBBLE CONSTANT

KW - LIGHT CURVES

KW - DATA RELEASE

KW - PHOTOMETRY PROGRAM

KW - RADIO COUNTERPART

KW - STANDARD STARS

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ac23c6

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ac23c6

M3 - Journal article

VL - 923

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

SN - 0004-637X

IS - 2

M1 - 258

ER -